Psychological Therapies

1. Psychological Therapies

2. Psychotherapy • An interaction between a trained therapist and someone suffering from psychological difficulties.

3. Eclectic Approach • Therapy where the therapist combines techniques from different schools of psychology. Kind of like a buffet.

4. Psychoanalysis • Use free association, hypnosis and dream interpretation to gain insight into the client’s unconscious. • Freud's therapy.

5. Psychoanalytic Methods • Psychotherapists use their techniques to overcome resistance (the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material) by the client. • The psychoanalyst wants you to become aware of the resistance and together interpretit’s underlying meaning to gain self-insight.

6. Transference • In psychoanalysis, the patient transfers to the analyst emotions linked with other relationships. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b02H0dW2xf8

7. Humanistic Therapy • Focuses on people’s potential for self-fulfillment(self-actualization). • Focuses on the present and future. • Focuses on conscious thoughts (not unconscious ones). • Take responsibility for you actions.

8. Client (Person) Centered Therapy • Developed by Carl Rogers. • Therapist should use genuineness, acceptance and empathy to show unconditional positive regard towards their clients. • Most widely used Humanistic technique.

9. Active Listening • Central to Roger’s client-centered therapy. • Empathetic listening is where the listener echoes, restates and clarifies.

10. Behavior Therapies • Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. • The behaviors are the problems - so we must change the behaviors.

11. Classical Conditioning Techniques Counterconditioning: • Therapy that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors. Two Types: Exposure Therapies & Aversive Conditioning

12. 1. Exposure Therapies • Systematic desensitization: type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. (i.e. phobias) How would I use systematic desensitization to reduce my fear of old women?

13. Systematic Desensitization uses… progressive relaxation versus Flooding which… exposes you to an anxiety-provoking situation at the highest level of fear all at once.

14. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

15. 2. Aversive Conditioning • A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. How would putting peppers on the fingernails of a nail biter effect their behavior?

16. Aversive Conditioning

17. Operant Conditioning Token Economy: an operant conditioning procedure that rewards a desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort (earned by exhibiting the desired behavior) for various privileges or treats.

18. Cognitive Therapy

19. Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy • Noticed that depressed people were similar in the way they viewed the world. • Used cognitive therapy to get people to take off the “dark sunglasses” with which they view their surroundings.

20. Cognitive Therapy • Cognitive therapists try to teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking. Is .300 a good or bad batting average?

21. Cognitive Therapy

22. Albert Ellis & Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) • Focuses on uncovering irrational beliefs and replacing them with more productive rational alternatives.

23. Stress Inoculation Training • Teaches people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations. • Basically changing your self-talk. • Like when you’re nervous and negative before a big exam.

24. Cognitive Therapy - Does It Work?

25. Group & Family Therapies Ex. Self-help groups like Alcoholics Anonymous

26. Biomedical Therapies Therapies aimed at the altering the body chemistry.

27. Psychopharmacology • The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

28. Drugs and Hospitalization

29. Emptying of Mental Hospitals

30. Testing New Drugs • When a new drug is released there is always too much enthusiasm. • Must use a double-blind procedure to combat placebo and experimental effects. Types of drugs include:

31. Antipsychotic Drugs • Medicines used to treat psychosis - typically in schizophrenia and bipolar psychosis patients. • Thorazinealthough effective often has powerful side effects. • Tardive dyskinesia– neurotoxic effect involving involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs.

32. Antianxiety Drugs • Anxiolytic drugs like Valium, Librium, and Xanax. • Like alcohol, they depress nervous system activity. • Most widely abused drugs.

33. Antidepressant Drugs • Lift you up out of depression. • Most increase the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin. • Prozac, Paxil & Zoloft are known as SSRI’s (selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors). They block serotonin reuptake. • Lithium is an effective mood stabilizer used by those with bipolar disorder.

34. Prozac, Paxil & Zoloft

35. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • Biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain. The anesthetized patient will experience a mild seizure. • Usually produces temporary memory loss. • But has been very effective of temporarily ridding people of suicidal thoughts.

36. Alternative to ECT • Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). • Application of magnetic energy to the brain. • Doesn’t produce seizures or memory loss. • FDA approved in 2008. Still waiting for conclusive data.

37. Psychosurgery (lobotomy) • Egas Moniz developed the lobotomy and it became very popular in the 1940’s and 50’s. • Surgery that removes or destroys frontal lobe brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. • Ice pick like instrument through the eye sockets cutting the links between the frontal lobes and the emotional control centers.

38. Lobotomy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk