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Landcover Mapping in the Arctic by the U.S. Geological Survey

Landcover Mapping in the Arctic by the U.S. Geological Survey. Carl J. Markon Deputy Chief Alaska Geographic Science Office U.S. Geological Survey 4230 University Drive Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4664 markon@usgs.gov. USGS Land Cover Mapping in Arctic Environments.

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Landcover Mapping in the Arctic by the U.S. Geological Survey

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  1. Landcover Mapping in the Arctic by the U.S. Geological Survey Carl J. Markon Deputy Chief Alaska Geographic Science Office U.S. Geological Survey 4230 University Drive Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4664 markon@usgs.gov

  2. USGS Land Cover Mapping in Arctic Environments • Mostly in low arctic and near boreal environments • Land cover/habitat mapping as opposed to pure vegetation mapping • Primarily accomplished using remotely sensed data

  3. Mapping activities relies primarily on the use of remotely sensed data • Analog (aerial photography) • Manual photo-interpretation • Digital (satellite data, digital camera, radar) • Manual interpretation • ‘Heads-up’ digitizing • Digital analysis (decision tree, isodata, Bayesian)

  4. Primary data types used by USGS for mapping Arctic vegetation • Small Format Aerial Photography • 35-mm (near vertical from small aircraft) • Medium Format Aerial Photography • 212-mm Metric Mapping Camera • Airborne Imagery • Inter-Ferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) • Digital Camera • Satellite Imagery • SPOT • LANDSAT • AVHRR

  5. Aerial Photography • 35-mm • Handheld personal camera (e.g., Canon, Nikon) • Small plot coverage at large scales • 212-mm • Standard metric mapping camera • Large area mapping at numerous scales • Digital Aerial Camera • 480-m swath • Medium sized plot mapping 1977 35-mm 2002 212-mm

  6. Satellite Imagery • SPOT • Multi-spectral 20-m • LANDSAT • Multi-spectral 50-m and 30-m • AVHRR • 1000-m

  7. IFSAR/LANDSAT Merge • Use of Radar imagery combined with Landsat imagery

  8. Past Projects • Landscape scale land cover mapping using satellite data: • LANDSAT • SPOT • AVHRR

  9. Land cover mapping using Landsat • LANDSAT MSS (circa early 1980’s) • General land cover maps for habitat analysis: • Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) • U.S Bureau of Land Management (NPRA) • Wildlife habitat maps Canadian Wildlife Service in western Canada

  10. Land cover mapping using SPOT (1984) • General habitat maps for waterfowl studies over: • Teshekpuk Lake area in north central Alaska • Wrangell Island, northeastern Soviet Union

  11. Land cover mapping using AVHRR • Regional land cover maps • Northern and western Alaska arctic areas using AVHRR image data from 1991

  12. Use of AVHRR data: Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map • Base maps from AVHRR imagery • Map of the tundra region north of the arctic tree line. • International effort. • 1:7,500,000 scale

  13. Global land cover mapping using AVHRR • Global Vegetation (including the Arctic) • Designed to meet science data requirements identified by the International Geosphere and Biosphere Programme (IGBP), and the U. S. Global Change Research Program. • Overall goal is to produce flexible large-area land cover databases to meet requirements of the earth science research community (http://lpdaac.usgs.gov/glcc/glcc.html).

  14. Land cover mapping using SPOT VEGETATION Satellite Data • Regional and Global (including arctic) • Global Land Cover Characterization Project • Homogenized land cover database of the world for the year 2000 using SPOT VEGETATION Data. • Cooperative effort with Joint Research Center (JRC) of European Commission (EC) and over 40 partner institutions around the world (http://www.gvm.sai.jrc.it/glc2000/defaultGLC2000.htm)

  15. Current Land Cover Mapping in the Arctic • IFSAR/LANDSAT Merge • National Land Cover Database • Land cover map of Alaskan North Slope using Landsat ETM+ • Status and Trends • Use of circa 1980’s and early 2000’s Landsat MSS and TM land cover mapping over sample blocks • Multi-Temporal Phenological mapping using AVHRR • Multi-Temporal/Multi-Scale land cover mapping and analysis

  16. Radar Imagery • IFSAR/LANDSAT Merge • Merge of 2.5-m radar data with 30-m Landsat data to produce 2.5-m spatial resolution with the spectral resolution of Landsat Landsat 30-m IFSAR/Landsat merge 2.5-m

  17. MRLC/NLCD (Multi-Resolution Land Characteristic/National Land Cover Database • Landsat ETM+ based image analysis using decision tree rules for mapping general land cover types • Circa 1999-2003 data at 30-m pixel

  18. MRLC/NLCD Database Development in Northern Alaska Dunes Barren Clear Water Turbid Water Carex aquatilis Dwarf Shrub Tussock Tundra Tall Shrub Arctophila fulva Sparse Vegetation Flooded Tundra LCP Lake Ice Sedge Meadow Low Shrub Flooded Tundra NP Wet Tundra

  19. Status and Trends • Comparison of changes in land cover between the 1980’s and early 2000’s • Random sample of 10-km blocks • 1980’s based on Landsat MSS • Early 2000’s based on Landsat ETM+ from MRLC/NLCD • Look at status, trends, causes, and consequences of changes in land cover across the landscape

  20. Status and Trends for the North Slope • Entails a sample block design of 35 randomly selected 10-km x 10-km blocks of which 15 sites are within areas of expected high change and the remaining 20 are areas of expected low change.

  21. Onset of Greenness Maximum Greenness Onset of Senescence Date of Onset Date of Maximum Date of Senescence Multi-temporal Phenological Mapping of the Arctic Landscape • Use of AVHRR to map multi-temporal phenological conditions over the Alaskan Arctic Landscape • 1-km data from 1991 to 2003 • Ten Metrics Mapped: • Rate of Greenup • Rate of Senescence

  22. Multi-temporal Phenological Mapping of the Arctic Landscape • Part of Alaska statewide AVHRR NDVI datasets • Document changes in greenness over time 1991 2003

  23. Multi-Temporal/Multi-Scale Land Cover Analysis on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska • Collection of multiple types of data at different periods in time • Analysis of changes in land cover due to • Time • Space • Resolution

  24. Multi-TemporalMulti-Scale Project 1980 - 1990 ’ S AVHRR AVHRR 100K X 100K Landsat MSS Landsat TM Landsat TM 100K X 100K ASTER 1954 AP 1979 AP 12K X 12K 2002 AP Extent 1950 ’ S 35 - MM 2000 ’ S 1970’S

  25. Goals Documentation of site and landscape land cover changes over time and space Document how land cover and biophysical properties change from high resolution sensors to low resolution sensors Examine changes in size, type, extent (area), and shape in terms of land cover type and land form Determination of probable causes and consequences of changes over time Biophysical changes over the landscape Habitat gain/loss

  26. Relationships Between Datasets over Time using Aerial Photography • Mapping Land Cover and waterfowl habitat using multi-temporal aerial photos • Black and White 1954 • Color infrared 1978/1979 • Color infrared 2002 1954 AP 1979 AP 2002 AP

  27. Relationships Between Datasets over Time using Landsat Imagery • Mapping of Land Cover and Waterfowl related habitat using • Landsat MSS • Landsat TM • Landsat ETM+ 1974 1986 2000 Landsat MSS Landsat TM Landsat TM

  28. Relationships Between Datasets over Time using AVHRR Imagery • Mapping Land Cover and Phenology • 1-km scale imagery • Circa 1991 and 2002 Areas of less greenness Areas of more greenness 1991 2002

  29. Analysis of changes between dates and scales: Aerial Photography • Land cover/habitat mapping using: • Aerial 35-mm photos • Digital aerial camera • 1:60,000 CIR metric photos • Used to detect changes in land cover over time at medium to high resolution Comparison of 35-mm 1978 photo to 2002 212-mm photo

  30. Analysis of data between dates and scales: Aerial Photography and Satellite Imagery • Land cover mapping at three different scales/resolution of data • Analysis of changes in size, shape, type between scales 2002 Datasets Aerial Photography Landsat TM AVHRR

  31. Land Cover Types Clear Water Turbid Water Lake Ice Low Center Polygon Open center Vegetated center Flooded Tundra Arctophila fulva Carex aquatilis Wet Carex Tundra Moist Tundra Sedge dominated Sedge/Shrub mix Xeric Tundra Sedge dominated Sedge/Shrub mix Dryas dominated Tussock Tundra Moss/Lichen Dwarf Shrub Low Shrub Tall Shrub Barren/Dunes Sparse Vegetation Higher Resolution Lower Resolution 35-mm Photography 1:60,000-Scale Photography Landsat Imagery AVHRR Imagery • Clear Water • Turbid Water • Lake Ice • Low Center Polygon • Flooded Tundra • Arctophila fulva • Carex aquatilis • Wet Carex Tundra • Moist Tundra • Xeric Tundra • Tussock Tundra • Moss/Lichen • Dwarf Shrub • Low Shrub • Tall Shrub • Barren/Dunes • Sparse Vegetation • Clear Water • Turbid Water • Lake Ice • Carex aquatilis • Arctophila fulva • Flooded Tundra LCP • Flooded Tundra • Wet Tundra • Sedge Meadow • Tussock Tundra • Moss/Lichen • Dwarf Shrub • Low Shrub • Tall Shrub • Dunes • Sparse Vegetation • Water • Ice • Wet Tundra • Moist Tundra • Shrub • Barren/Dunes • Sparse Vegetation

  32. Multiple Seasons Day/Month Season Multiple Plants or Species Multiple Events/ Influences Regional Continental Long-term regional/continental land cover change, climate influences, succession MODIS VEGETATION AVHRR Stand to Landscape General ecology, phenology, succession, disturbance, land cover, biophysical properties, change in time AVIRIS SPOT LANDSAT Community Land cover, moisture, shape, area, extent, age, changes in time Analog/Digital Photography Single Plants Or Species Single Events/ Influences

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