Industrialization

1. Industrialization Created by Katherine Lacks

2. First Industrial Revolution: Late 18th century to 1860 Steel plow Cotton gin Sewing machine Rotary press Early train Telegraph Mechanical reaper Created by Katherine Lacks

3. The Second Industrial Revolution • Spurred by • New inventions in farming • Railroads • An abundance in natural resources • The production of steel Created by Katherine Lacks

4. New inventions led to the mechanization of agriculture There were hundreds of inventions that increased output for farmers beginning in the 1840s. Major new machinery included: Reapers Automatic wire binder Threshing machine Mechanical planter Mechanical cutter Huskers and shellers Cream separators Manure spreaders Potato planters Hay driers Poultry incubators Created by Katherine Lacks

5. Westward expansion led to a growth of farm acreage Add six zeros (In millions) Created by Katherine Lacks

6. Land grant colleges were centers of research in scientific farming Created by Katherine Lacks

7. Railroad expansion was the key to the 2nd Industrial Revolution Created by Katherine Lacks

8. Why were railroads so important for the industrial growth of the United States? • Prior to the railroad it was difficult for companies to move products to distant locations. • A transportation system was needed to efficiently and cheaply move both raw materials to the factories and the finished goods to the consumers. • River and canal transportation were limited to areas near water routes. In addition, frozen water prevented their use during the winter. • Railroads solved the problems and within a few decades of development, railroads became the most important method of moving goods and people. Created by Katherine Lacks

9. Railroad track mileage increased at a rapid pace from 1830 to 1910 Created by Katherine Lacks

10. I’ve been workin’ on the Railroad • workers faced harsh lives - accidents, pneumonia, disease killed/injured 1000s - poor pay and nourishment, long days, bad conditions • most workers were immigrants, particularly Chinese • 1870 - Professor C.F. Dowd proposed use of time zones • promoted trade and interdependence • new towns grew along railroads • George Pullman - built factory to make sleeper cars in a town nearby for employees Created by Katherine Lacks

11. Meeting of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific at Promontory Mountain in southern Utah in 1869 Created by Katherine Lacks

12. George Pullman designed a sleeping car including the services of supplying the linens, housekeeping, and attendants for the sleeping cars, making train travel much more comfortable. Pullman’s car gained much attention after it housed President’s Lincoln’s body through 8 states during the funeral procession. Created by Katherine Lacks

13. Impact of the transcontinental railroad The completion of the transcontinental railroad changed the nation. The East and West were now united. The nationwide railroad allowed for delivery in a much shorter time period. Items that had taken months to move could be sent in a matter of days at a fraction of the cost. Western products like agriculture, coal, and other minerals could be moved easily to the east coast. Passengers and freight from the east coast could reach the west coast in a matter of days instead of months at cheap prices. Many people began settling in western areas. The 1890 Census showed new migration patterns and settlement. Many historians cite the transcontinental railroad as a major factor in the closing of the western frontier. Created by Katherine Lacks

14. Railroads in 2000 Created by Katherine Lacks

15. Natural Resources Also Spurred the 2nd Industrial Revolution Created by Katherine Lacks

16. Natural Resources Increase Industrialization • Black gold • Abraham Gesner - Canadian geologist (1840) - discovered how to distill kerosene from oil or coal and use it to light lamps • Edwin Drake - (1859) successfully used steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, PA Created by Katherine Lacks

17. Natural Resources Increase Industrialization • Steel • 1850 - Bessemer Process removes carbon from iron producing steel - lighter, more flexible, rust-resistant • 1887 - new iron ore deposits discovered - coal production skyrockets • new uses - railroads, barbed wire, steel plow, mechanical reaper, tin cans, construction (Brooklyn Bridge, skyscraper) Created by Katherine Lacks

18. Making steel using the Bessemer process Created by Katherine Lacks

19. Top: Brooklyn Bridge • Right: First skyscraper • Home Insurance Building • Chicago, Illinois • 1885 • 10 stories • 1st building to use structural steel as its frame Created by Katherine Lacks

20. Coal, oil and gas location map Created by Katherine Lacks

21. Inventions Promote Change • Electricity Distribution • Thomas Alva Edison • Menlo Park research lab (1880) • system for producing and distributing electricity • becomes inexpensive, convenient, safer • inspires new inventions - household appliances, electric streetcars • manufacturing plants could be located anywhere (not just near water) Created by Katherine Lacks

22. Created by Katherine Lacks

23. Created by Katherine Lacks

24. Inventions Promote Change • Inventions • typewriter -Christopher Sholes (1867) • Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell (1876) • sewing machine - demand for professional garment workers (men, women, kids), long work hours, unhealthy conditions • All three opened new jobs for women Created by Katherine Lacks

25. Ritty, Cash Register George Pullman, Railroad Sleeper Car Elisha Otis, Elevator Created by Katherine Lacks

26. Inventions Promote Change • Changes • Machinery replaced workers • advertising, promotions • importance placed on consumer • improved overall standard of living • URBANIZATION!!! Created by Katherine Lacks

27. U.S. population increase: 1850 to 1900 Most of this increase can be attributed to the large number of immigrants who arrived in the U.S. during the second and third waves of immigration from Europe Created by Katherine Lacks

28. Urbanization causes Problems! • Overcrowding • people migrating from country to city • 1890-1910 – about 200,000 African Americans moved north and west • cultural opportunities in cities - moving pictures, Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (Chicago), baseball games Created by Katherine Lacks

29. Urbanization causes Problems! • Housing • row houses - attached single-family dwellings that shared side walls (townhouse) • tenements - single-family homes in which several immigrant families moved into - overcrowded and unsanitary • dumbbell tenements - 5-6 story buildings shaped like barbells - built to meet new plumbing and ventilation standards Created by Katherine Lacks

30. The poverty was difficult to imagine for middle and upper class America Created by Katherine Lacks

31. Urbanization causes Problems! • Fire • aided by water limitation and abundance of wooden buildings, candle and kerosene use • volunteer firefighters not always available when needed • 1853 - 1st paid fire dept (Cincinnati, OH) • in most cities by 1900 • 1874 - invention of automatic fire sprinklers • replacement of wooden structures with brick, stone, concrete Created by Katherine Lacks

32. Great Chicago Fire 1871 Though the fire was one of the largest U.S. disasters of the 19th century, the rebuilding that began almost immediately spurred Chicago's development into one of the most populous and economically important American cities. Created by Katherine Lacks

33. Urbanization causes Problems! • Crime • crime increased as pop. increased • pick-pockets, thieves flourished, con-men • 1844 - 1st full-time salaried police force - NYC - but most law enforcement units too small to help Created by Katherine Lacks

34. Urbanization Review • As the nation’s industrial growth continued, cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York grew rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers. • Factories in the large cities provided jobs, but workers’ families often lived in harsh conditions crowded into tenements and slums. Created by Katherine Lacks

35. Urbanization Review • The rapid growth of cities caused housing shortages and the need for new public services, such as sewage and water systems and public transportation. • New York City began construction of the world’s first subway system around the turn of the 20th century, and many cities built trolley or streetcar lines. Created by Katherine Lacks

36. Urbanization Review • As the population moved westward, many new states in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains were added to the Union. • By the early 20th century, all the states that make up the continental United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, had been admitted. Created by Katherine Lacks