Leadership Behavior and Management Styles

1. Leadership Behavior and Management Styles Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

2. Leadership vs Management • “There is only one manager, but anyone can be a leader if they act on their good ideas!” • Leadership: • Influence based to reach a goal • Informal designation: independent of management • Achieved positions; special skills • Examples! Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

3. Leadership vs Management • Management: • Authority based: appointed • Formally designated • Assigned position • Replaced if poor manager; good leadership skills help! Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

4. Hegel 1800’s Leaders must serve as followers Great Man/Trait Earliest theories “I was born to lead!” Have innate characteristics Not “accepted today (Great Man theory Trait/attribute-from Great Man Personal leadership characteristics “looks, walks, talks like a leader” Limited Does not consider situation Does not consider follower Leadership Theories Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

5. Leadership Theories cont • Behavioral Theories: • Aka: Humanist approach • Emerged in 1940’s & 50’s • Looked at behaviors leaders engaged in • Applied to nursing: • Identifies the relationship between the work environment and positive patient outcomes Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

6. Situational Varies with situation considers structure, atmosphere and leader’s characteristics Contingency Different situation require different leadership types Keys to the above theories: Effective leadership style depends upon the situation; what is successful in one situation, may not be effective in the next! Path-goal looks at supervision more than decision making Minimizes goal obstruction; rewards followers; focuses on goal achievement Leadership Theory • Model that predicts which leadership style most effective in situations. Based on follower’s maturity Involves telling, selling, participating and delegating! • By Hersey and Blanchard Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

7. Leadership Theory cont. • Process theories- as they relate to group interaction • Transactional/Transformational • Motivates followers to full potential • Influence perceptions • Foster a sense of direction! • What is focus of transformational leader? • Relational • Accomplish a common goal • Servant • Dedicates lives to serving others • Social Change • Work toward common goal, improving quality of life for all ** shift from task- oriented to a relationship oriented focus Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

8. Womenand Leadership • Historical perspective • Stereotyping-”women less competent than men” • Nursing • A predominately female-oriented profession • Leadership roles encounter challenges Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

9. Leadership and Cultures • Culture influences leadership • Legal mandates, affirmative action, civil rights regulations, and social pressure • Minorities in leadership roles- improving but still has a ways to go. Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

10. What leadership qualities do you possess?? Use the next slide to consider your own attributes as a leader/manager! Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

11. Leadership Qualities and Behaviors Integrity Think critically Courage Solve problems Initiative Respect person Energy Listen Optimism Skillful Communication Perseverance Set goals Balance Envision future Ability to handle stress Develop oneself Self-awareness Coach others Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

12. Leadership Styles and Effective Management(Pattern of Behavior) • Leadership styles • Authoritarian (military) • Strong control, directive • Downward and task directed • Democratic • Subordinates involved in decision-making • Lengthy process, communications flow up and down • Laissez-Faire or Permissive • Little or no direction • Maximum freedom for individuals-”delegating approach” • *Multicratic- Combines best of all • Adapt the leadership style needed for particular situation!! Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

13. Consider: Ann is a nurse manager for a 26 bed ICU. She is people and relationship oriented. Ann promotes and facilitates group discussion and decision making. Teamwork is the focus for any project and she provides the necessary resources. She wants everyone to have a role on the unit and input into decisions. • What leadership style is exhibited? • Is this style effective in all situations? • What leadership style do you prefer? Democratic No, not in situations where immediate action needed. Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

14. Power and Leadership/Management Styles • Power…what is it?? • Influence of others through persuasion or coercion • Non-static; ever changing • Power sources: legitimate (authority) • Referent (symbol of leader) • Reward (favor granting) • Coercive (punishment) • Expert (special knowledge) Nurisng!!! Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

15. Power and Leadership/Management Styles • Power…answer these questions! • The nurse who can accurately interpret an ECG has ____ power. • The nurse manager who can write a letter of commendation about your performance in the unit newsletter has ____ power. • Your nurse manager has authority to grant you a salary increase; this manager has ______ power. Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

16. Power and Leadership/Management Styles • Power • The nurse who can accurately interpret an ECG has EXPERT power. • The nurse manager who can write a letter of commendation about your performance in the unit newsletter has REWARD power. • Your nurse manager has authority to grant you a salary increase; this manager has LEGITIMATE power. (reward) Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

17. Give an example in which “coercive” power (punishment) might be appropriately used in the nursing profession. Refer to text…a nurse who is abusing drugs faces loss of license, job, salary…patient safety is priority! Referent power…how might referent power influence your career as a nurse? Text…an example…as a nurse you carefully follow directions of your assigned department head…that individual possess symbol of power! Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

18. Power and Leadership/Management Styles • Empowerment • Share power with others; enables them to act; transformational leadership • Delegates much authority for decision- making • Encourages others to excel! Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

19. Three Factors of Empowerment • Direction: sufficient instructions to give confidence • Challenge: an element of stretch that will bring out creativity and satisfaction on completion • Autonomy/support: confidence that there is further help and direction available if needed Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

20. Reasons to Empower • Work output increases • Nursing: better care for more patients • Places decision making in the hands of those individuals closest to the situation • Nursing: decisions tend to be safer and better fitted to the needs of a particular patient or patient care situation • A more enthusiastic, satisfied, and healthy group of workers • Nursing: reducing employee turnover Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

21. Question • A unit with what type of leadership enables empowerment of staff? A. Situational leadership B. Great man leadership C. Transformational leadership D. Trait leadership Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

22. Answer C. Transformational leadership Rationale: many hospital units operate in some type of transformational leadership that involves individuals other than the manager in decision making and supports democratic leadership. Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

23. The Reciprocal Role • Two parties to any leadership situation • We all begin our careers in a follower-type position • Role of the follower • Being a good follower Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

24. The Effective Follower! • What is the effective follower? • Perceives the relationship between institutional goals and personal goals • Views leader as working toward both • Need to be both a leader and a follower (interchangeable!) Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

25. Qualities of a Good Follower! (Important as a GN)Know these characteristics! • Invest self in the organization and its goals • Know your responsibilities as a follower • Job description • Report to whom? • Evaluated by whom? • Identify your expectations of the leader. • Support your leader and the group • Stimulate leader and the group! • Follow channels of communication Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

26. Developing Your Leadership Role and Skills! • Evaluate your own leadership qualities! • (Leadership exercises) • Strengths • Weaknesses Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

27. Developing Your Leadership Role and Skills! • Evaluate your own leadership qualities! • Ways to enhance your own personal power: • Increase Knowledge and competence • Flexibility • Self-confidence, decisiveness and integrity • Walk, talk, and look poised and confident • Alliances • Develop personal physical resources- healthy living Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

28. Assessing Your Own Effectiveness as a Leader • Self-assessment • Environmental assessment • Identifying role models • Trying out leadership styles • Evaluating effectiveness Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

29. Which leadership style is considered “people oriented? Laissez-faire Authoritarian Coercive Democratic A nurse with the responsibility of deciding the number of staff member will be assigned to a unit has what kind of power? Legitimate Reward Coercive Referent Which method is BEST to assess one’s effectiveness as a leader? Review amount of formal education Ask opinion from friend Wait for input from others Review personal interactions Test Your Understanding Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

30. Which of the following factors MOST affects one’s effectiveness as a manager? Number of people managed Salary received Status within organization Leadership style Test Your Understanding! Which description characterizes the path-goal theory of leadership? • Identifies common traits exhibited by leaders • Reflects four behaviors: telling, selling, participating, and delegating • Minimizes goal obstruction and reward followers • Born with leadership qualities Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

31. Which of the following factors MOST affects one’s effectiveness as a manager? Number of people managed Salary received Status within organization Leadership style * Which description characterizes the path-goal theory of leadership? Identifies common traits exhibited by leaders Reflects four behaviors: telling, selling, participating, and delegating Minimizes goal obstruction and reward followers* Born with leadership qualities Which leadership style is considered “people oriented”? Laissez-faire Authoritarian Coercive Democratic* A nurse with the responsibility of deciding the number of staff member will be assigned to a unit has what kind of power? Legitimate* Reward* Coercive Referent Which method is BEST assess one’s effectiveness as a leader? Review amount of formal education Ask opinion from friend Wait for input from others Review personal interactions* Test Your Understanding! Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC

32. The End Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC