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Chapter Three

Chapter Three. Listeners and Speakers. Chapter Two. Table of Contents Understanding the Listening Process Barriers to Active Listening Becoming a More Active Listener Active Listening and Critical Thinking Guidelines for Evaluating Speeches and Presentations. Listeners and Speakers.

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Chapter Three

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  1. Chapter Three Listeners and Speakers

  2. Chapter Two Table of Contents • Understanding the Listening Process • Barriers to Active Listening • Becoming a More Active Listener • Active Listening and Critical Thinking • Guidelines for Evaluating Speeches and Presentations

  3. Listeners and Speakers • It is the listener and speaker together who truly make a speech. • The continual feedback between speaker and listener is called circular response.

  4. Understanding the Listening Process • Hearing: physiological process of perceiving sounds. • Listening: conscious act of recognizing, understanding, and interpreting messages.

  5. Understanding the Listening Process:Listening is Selective • Selective perception:process by which people pay attention to messages and ignore others. • We pay attention to what is important to us • We filter information on the basis of what we already know.

  6. Barriers to Active Listening • Active listening: focused, purposeful thinking used to gather and evaluate information.

  7. Barriers to Active Listening Obstacles: • Inattentiveness • External distractions • Internal distractions

  8. Scriptwriting and Defensive Listening Laziness and Overconfidence Cultural Barriers Listening Anxiety (Receiver Apprehension) Barriers to Active Listening

  9. “Scriptwriters”: think about what they, and not the speaker, will say next. Defensive listening: occurs when we sense that our attitudes and opinions are being challenged. Barriers to Active Listening:Scriptwriting and Defensive Listening

  10. Laziness and overconfidence can occur when we expect too little from speakers, ignore important information, or display an arrogant attitude. Barriers to Active Listening:Laziness and Overconfidence

  11. Differences in dialects, accents, nonverbal cues, word choice, and even physical appearance Judge speakers on the content of what they are saying. Barriers to Active Listening:Cultural Barriers

  12. Becoming a More Active Listener • Active listeners use their eyes as well as their ears.

  13. Becoming a More Active Listener • Set Listening Goals • Listen for Main Ideas • Watch for Nonverbal Cues

  14. Becoming a More Active Listener:Set Listening Goals • Why are you listening? • What do you need and expect?

  15. Becoming a More Active Listener:Listen for Main Ideas • Listen for the speaker’s organizational pattern. • Listen for introductions, transitions, and conclusions. • Watch for a direct eye gaze. • Take notes of the speaker’s main points.

  16. Becoming a More Active Listener:Watch for Nonverbal Cues Much of a speaker’s message is communicated nonverbally through: • Body language • Facial expressions • Stance and posture

  17. Critical thinking: the ability to evaluate claims on the basis of well-supported reasons. Active Listening and Critical Thinking

  18. Evaluate the evidence. Analyze assumptions and biases. Resist false dilemmas Consider multiple perspectives. Assess an argument’s logic. Summarize and judge. Active Listening andCritical Thinking

  19. Guidelines for Evaluating Speeches and Presentations Critically evaluating the speeches of others will help you assess your own strengths and weaknesses as a speaker.

  20. Guidelines for Evaluating Speeches and Presentations • Be Honest and Fair in Your Evaluation • Adjust to the Speaker’s Style • Be Compassionate in Your Criticism

  21. Guidelines for Evaluating Speeches and Presentations:Be Honest and Fair in Your Evaluation It is important to remain open to ideas and beliefs that differ from your own.

  22. Guidelines for Evaluating Speeches and Presentations:Adjust to the Speaker’s Style Maintaining respect for all types and styles of speakers is a sign of good listening.

  23. Guidelines for Evaluating Speeches and Presentations: Be Compassionate in Criticizing Be constructive: • Start by saying something positive. • Focus on the speech, not the speaker. • Target your criticism.

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