Exploiting the Dual View in Verification

1. Exploitingthe Dual Viewin Verification Koen Lindström Claessen Chalmers University Gothenburg, Sweden

2. Verification w/ Theorem Proving System Under Verification Expected/Wanted Property model ~ actual behavior of system model ~ allowed behavior of system informal formal formula S formula P counter example correctness proof is every actual behavior allowed? SP? does (S&¬P) have a model?

3. Full Pure First-Order Logic (FOL) • First-order logic • Predicate/function symbols • Equality • Universal/existential quantification • Not included • Arithmetic • Least fixpoints • Induction

4. contradiction (proof) satisfiable (model) infinite domain finite domain FOL Decidability a domain (a set); plus interpretations for function/predicate symbols formula (Assumptions & ¬ProofObligation) counter example correctness proof FOL is semi-decidable ?

5. This Talk • Present an alternative view • Dual View • Though experiment with initial success • System correct • Formula satisfiable • Model ~ correctness witness • System incorrect • Formula unsatisfiable • Proof ~ concrete bug trace

6. out in same different Example: Ball Game Balls 50 50 Can the last ball be red? green?

7. Modelling the Ball Game (#red, #green)  (n+2,m)  (n+1,m)  (n,m+2)  (n+1,m)  (n+1,m+1)  (n,m+1) initial state: (50,50)

8. Modelling the Ball Game in FOL % initial state r(s50(0),s50(0)). % transitions r(s(s(N)),M)  r(s(N),M). r(N,s(s(M)))  r(s(N),M). r(s(N),s(M))  r(N,s(M)). r(n,m) provable iff. (n,m) reachable % final state -r(s(0),0). -r(0,s(0)).

9. The Model (final state: -r(0,s(0))) 0 = '1 p('1,'1) : TRUE p('1,'2) : FALSE p('2,'1) : TRUE p('2,'2) : FALSE s('1) = '2 s('2) = '1 This is an abstraction of the original system

10. Modelling the Ball Game in FOL % initial states i(N,0). i(N,M)  i(N,s(s(M))). i(N,M)  r(N,M). % transitions r(s(s(N)),M)  r(s(N),M). r(N,s(s(M)))  r(s(N),M). r(s(N),s(M))  r(N,s(M)). % final state -r(0,s(0)).

11. The Model 0 = '1 i('1,'1) : TRUE i('1,'2) : FALSE i('2,'1) : TRUE i('2,'2) : FALSE p('1,'1) : TRUE p('1,'2) : FALSE p('2,'1) : TRUE p('2,'2) : FALSE s('1) = '2 s('2) = '1 This is an abstraction of the original system, which has an infinite amount of states!

12. Summary • Traditional view • Proof ~ system correct • Counter model ~ system incorrect • Dual view • Proof ~ system incorrect • Model ~ system correct

13. contradiction (proof) satisfiable (model) infinite domain finite domain Problem to FOL Mapping Hard formula ?

14. Natural Mapping? conceptually hard • Traditional • Correctness ~ proof • Needs induction/meta-reasoning • Hard • Incorrectness ~ bug trace • Finding a model • Hard conceptually easy

15. Natural Mapping • Dual View • Incorrectness ~ proof • Finding bug trace is easy • Proof is easy • Correctness ~ model • Correctness is hard • Finding model is hard

16. Verification w/ Dual View System Under Verification Expected/Wanted Property s reachable iff. r(s)provable informal formal ¬r(sbad) formula S formula P counter proof model one intended model ~ all behaviors of system model ~ system satisfying the property M|=S&P?

17. Summary Dual View reachability ~ provability correctness ~ unreachability use model finder correctness ~ unprovability use theorem prover incorrectness ~ provability

18. Related Work • “Inductionless induction” • Traditional way of expressing puzzles in FOL • Weidenbach’s security protocols with SPASS finite-domain model finding

19. Process Calculus P ::= nil terminated process | f(e1,...,ek) call a process | P || Q parallell composition | P + Q choice | e ! P send | p ? P receive synchronous + definitions

20. Example % server server = req ? rel ? server % clients clients = client || client || client client = req ! doit doit = rel ! client % top level top = server || clients

21. Translation into FOL • Each process is a FOL term • A set of processes is also a FOL term • A reachability predicate r(P) • Some general axioms about nil, ||, + • Initial state axiom r(top) • Property is written directly in FOL

22. Process Calculus P ::= nil terminated process | f(e1,...,ek) call a process | P || Q parallell composition | P + Q choice | e ! P send | p ? P receive Syntactically, FOL terms already Special treatment

23. General Axioms (FOL) % parallel composition (P || Q) || R = P || (Q || R). P || Q = Q || P. P || nil = P. % choice r( (P + Q) || R )  r( P || R ). r( (P + Q) || R )  r( Q || R ).

24. Definition restriction Each ’receive’ construct needs to have its own definition

25. Example % server server = req ? rel ? server % clients clients = client || client || client client = req ! doit doit = rel ! client % top level top = server || clients

26. Example, fixed % server server = req ? waiting waiting = rel ? server % clients clients = client || client || client client = req ! doit doit = rel ! client % top level top = server || clients

27. Definition Translation f(x1,...,xk) = t  f(X1,...,Xk) = t. f(x1,...,xk) = p ? t  r( f(X1,...,Xk) || (p ! P) || Q )  r( t || P || Q ).

28. Example in FOL % server r( server || (req ! P) || Q )  r( waiting || P || Q ). r( waiting || (rel ! P) || Q )  r( server || P || Q ). % clients clients = client || client || client. client = req ! doit. doit = rel ! client. % top level top = server || clients.

29. Property % bad state -r( doit || doit || P ). Model with domain size 3 So, bad states are unreachable

30. Model? • What is a model? • A domain (a set) • Interpretations for functions/predicates • What does it mean? • For each concrete state s, we can calculate M(r(s)) • Overapproximation of reachability • Bad state: M(r(sbad)) = FALSE Model is an abstraction

31. Example, infinite % server server = req ? waiting waiting = rel ? server % clients clients = client || clients client = req ! doit doit = rel ! client % top level top = server || clients

32. Process Calculus P ::= nil terminated process | f(e1,...,ek) call a process | P || Q parallell composition | P + Q choice | e! send | p ? P receive | new x . P new objects asynchronous

33. Example % server server = req(A) ? (ack(A)! || waiting(A)) waiting(A) = rel(A) ? server % clients clients = (new A . client(A)) || clients client(A) = req(A)! || doit(A) doit(A) = ack(A) ? (rel(A)! || client(A)) % top level top = server || clients

34. Example in FOL % server r( server || req(A)! || Q )  r( ack(A)! || waiting(A) || Q ). r( waiting(A) || rel(A)! || Q )  r( server || Q ). % clients r( clients || P )  r( client(new(P)) || clients || P ). client(A) = req(A)! || doit(A). r( doit(A) || rel(A)! || P )  r( rel(A)! || client(A) || P ). % top level top = server || clients.

35. Property % bad state -r( doit(A) || doit(B) || P ). Model with domain size 3

36. Conclusions Dual View • Benefit • Can work in practice (security protocols) • Has tighter fit with actual problem • Works for all computation! • Disadvantages • Careful axiomatizations • Danger of infinite models FOL proving ~ computing

37. Other constructs • Higher-order calculi • Processes are just terms, like messages • Channels • Use the idea behind the ‘new’ construct • Unbounded queues • Messages with sender and receiver • Tag ‘send’ construct with extra information

38. Paradox Winner of CASC 2003,2004,2005,2006 • Finite-domain model finder • Finds finite domain • Finds interpretations • Full pure first-order logic • Constants, functions, predicates • Quantifiers • Equality • (Untyped)

39. contradiction (proof) satisfiable (model) infinite domain finite domain FOL Decidability Hard formula ?

40. Paradox Applications • Satisfiability • Proof won’t go trhough • Bad state is unreachable • Model • Math: group theory, algebra • Counter example • Abstraction • Decision procedure • For FOL with finite domains

41. Paradox Overview FOL problem MiniSat (Sörensson, Eén) Clausifier Flattener n:=1 Instantiate SAT Solver n:=n+1 no yes

42. FOL Clause Examples • -p(X,Y) | -p(Y,Z) | p(X,Z) • h(X,h(Y,Z)) = h(h(X,Y),Z) • X = Y | -(f(X) = f(Y))

43. Connection with SAT-world • Pick domain D • Only size matters • D = {1,2,3,..,n} • Introduce SAT variables • ”p(i,j)” (for i, j in D) • ”f(i,j)=k” (for i, j, k in D) • Re-express FOL clauses

44. Flattening: Definitions • -p(X,Y) | -p(Y,Z) | p(X,Z) • Already flattened • h(X,h(Y,Z)) = h(h(X,Y),Z) • -(h(Y,Z) = U) | -(h(X,Y) = V) | -(h(X,U) = W) | h(V,Z) = W • X = Y | -(f(X) = f(Y)) • X = Y | -(f(X) = V) | -(f(Y) = V)

45. Extra Axioms for Functions • Result should be unique • -(f(X,Y) = V) | -(f(X,Y) = W) | V = W • Function should be total • f(X,Y) = 1 | f(X,Y) = 2 | ... | f(X,Y) = n Only for domain size n

46. Instantiation (n=3) • X = Y | -(f(X) = V) | -(f(Y) = V) • 1 = 1 | -(f(1) = 1) | -(f(1) = 1) • 1 = 1 | -(f(1) = 2) | -(f(1) = 2) • 1 = 1 | -(f(1) = 3) | -(f(1) = 3) • 1 = 2 | -(f(1) = 1) | -(f(2) = 1) • 1 = 2 | -(f(1) = 2) | -(f(2) = 2) • 1 = 2 | -(f(1) = 3) | -(f(2) = 3) • 1 = 3 | -(f(1) = 1) | -(f(3) = 1) • 1 = 3 | -(f(1) = 2) | -(f(3) = 2) • 1 = 3 | -(f(1) = 3) | -(f(3) = 3) • ...

47. Instantiation (n=3) • X = Y | -(f(X) = V) | -(f(Y) = V) • 1 = 1 | -(f(1) = 1) | -(f(1) = 1) • 1 = 1 | -(f(1) = 2) | -(f(1) = 2) • 1 = 1 | -(f(1) = 3) | -(f(1) = 3) • 1 = 2 | -(f(1) = 1) | -(f(2) = 1) • 1 = 2 | -(f(1) = 2) | -(f(2) = 2) • 1 = 2 | -(f(1) = 3) | -(f(2) = 3) • 1 = 3 | -(f(1) = 1) | -(f(3) = 1) • 1 = 3 | -(f(1) = 2) | -(f(3) = 2) • 1 = 3 | -(f(1) = 3) | -(f(3) = 3) • ...

48. Incremental SAT: Assumptions Under the assumption of totalness for size n FOL problem Clausifier Flattener n:=1 Instantiate SAT Solver n:=n+1 no yes

49. Complexity • Instantiation • Domain size n • Number of variables per clause k • O(nk) • Typically, 1 ≤ n ≤ 10 • k ~ number of (distinct) subterms in clause

50. Splitting -(h(Y,Z) = U) | -(h(X,Y) = V) | -(h(X,U) = W) | h(V,Z) = W New predicate s 6 variables: O(n6) -(h(Y,Z) = U) | -(h(X,Y) = V) | s(X,Z,U,V) -(h(X,U) = W) | h(V,Z) = W | -s(X,Z,U,V) 2 x 5 variables: O(n5)