Slavery to Civil Rights

1. Slavery to Civil Rights Part 1

2. The Roots of Conflict • King Cotton • Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793) • cotton could be very profitable with large • enslaved force • By mid 1800’s: • North – economy relied mostly on • manufacturing with an • immigrant workforce • South – agricultural economy reliant • upon slavery

3. Who was the speaker of the House who was credited with getting the Missouri Compromise into effect? According to the Missouri Compromise, above what boundary was slavery prohibited? 3. Who was Harriet Tubman and with what organization was she affiliated? The North and South drifted toward _____________, or an extreme allegiance to their own local interests. Why did many slave owners prevent many slaves from learning to read and write?

4. The Missouri Compromise - 1820 • until 1818 there were an equal number of • free and slave states • Missouri petitioned to enter the Union as • a slave state • balance of power would shift to slave states • Compromise: • Maine would enter as a free state • Missouri would be a slave state • region south of 36th parallel in Louisiana • territory would be open for slavery • land north of 36th (except Missouri) free • runaway slaves in free states to be returned

5. The Missouri Compromise

6. War With Mexico • Texas declared independence from • Mexico in 1836 • White southerners wanted Texas to • be a slave state • Northerners worried balance of power • in Congress would swing to the South • Southern politicians won out and Texas was • admitted to the Union as the 28th state in 1845 • Mexico is furious leading to border skirmishes and • declaration of war against Mexico in 1846 • Northerners worried about territories to the West which • were south of the line established by the Missouri Compromise

7. The Compromise of 1850 • By 1850, 15 free states and 15 slave states • California threatened balance when they • applied for admission as a free state • Henry Clay’s Proposals (1850): • California be admitted as a free state • people in the territories of Utah and New • Mexico decide on slavery issue themselves • slave trade (but not slavery) be prohibited • in the District of Columbia • new fugitive slave law to require federal • marshals to capture runaway slaves

9. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 • Part of the Compromise of 1850 • All runaway slaves must be returned • to their masters • Abolitionists nicknamed it the • “bloodhound law” • law enforcement officers could be • fined $1,000 for not arresting runaways • people aiding runaways by providing • food or shelter could face 6 months of • $1,000 fine

10. The Underground Railroad • Between 1830 and 1860 • helped enslaved African Americans escape by • conducting them to safe houses on their way • to free territories • runaway slaves were pursued by • bounty hunters • many continued on to Canada

12. The Kansas-Nebraska Act - 1854 • Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas • wanted territory north of Missouri • line open for the people to decide • for themselves whether or not they • wanted slavery • passed in 1854, it divided the Nebraska • territory into two separate territories, • Kansas and Nebraska • in effect it voided the Missouri • Compromise, allowing slavery to • expand northward • violence broke out in Kansas between • antislavery and proslavery groups

14. Growing Debate • May, 1856 – Congressman Preston Brooks • of South Carolina attacks Senator Charles • Sumner of Massachusetts • Lincoln – Douglas Senatorial Debates • Dred Scott Decision handed down by • the Supreme Court

15. Conflict in Kansas • proslavery and antislavery fought for • control of Kansas by 1855 • proslavery residents of Missouri poured • into Kansas to help elect proslavery • candidates • laws were passed to even express • opinions against slavery • antislavery forces armed themselves, called for new elections, drafted a new • state constitution • proslavery Missourians opened cannon fire on Lawrence, Kansas burned down • homes, businesses, killed several men • John Brown and his four sons kidnapped and brutally executed five proslavery • settlers

16. The Dred Scott Case - 1857 • Dred and Harriet Scott were legally • enslaved, but hoped the Supreme • Court would free them since they had • lived in Illinois (where Missouri • Compromise prohibited slavery) • But: • the year was 1857 and people who • were enslaved didn’t have any legal • rights

17. The Dred Scott Case • Supreme Court Decision: • enslaved African Americans were considered legal property • no state could deprive citizens of their • property without due process of law • ruled the Missouri Compromise • unconstitutional, declaring that Congress • could not prohibit slavery in American • territories • Result? • Angered Northerners because it meant that new American territories could now become slave states

18. John Brown • Abolitionist who led 21 men on an attack of a • federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia • in 1859 • hoped to spark a slave rebellion that would • end slavery • he and his men were quickly captured and no • slaves joined him as he hoped they would • powerful speaker who during his trial became • a hero to many Northern antislavery opponents • Sentenced to death by hanging

19. John Brown

20. Lincoln Elected • When President Abraham Lincoln was elected • in 1860, southerners reacted by calling for • secession • By December of 1860, South Carolina seceded • The following year Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, • Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed declaring • themselves a new nation, the Confederate States • of America • War begins in 1861 • Northern African Americans tried to enlist at the • start of the war but were rejected • in 1863, and in desperate need of troops, the • Union Army admitted black soldiers

21. Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln was pressured by abolitionists throughout • the war to free all enslaved black Americans • North’s two main reasons for fighting the war were • to preserve the union and to end slavery • Fugitive Slave Laws no longer applied to • Southern slave owners since after secession from • the Union could no longer expect to be protected • by the Union’s laws • 1862 signed preliminary version, only for enslaved • persons in the parts of the South controlled by the • Union army • Lincoln’s personal views?...

22. Emancipation “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy Slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing all of the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. what I do about Slavery and the colored race, I do because it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union.” -Abraham Lincoln, from a letter to Horace Greeley, 1862

23. The Push to Reform the South • some members of Congress criticized • Johnson for being too lenient toward • the South • Johnson did little to prevent new Southern • state governments from passing black codes • black codes were laws that severely • restricted the rights of newly freed blacks • Mississippi Black Code Restrictions: • prohibited blacks from owning land • freed black orphaned children could be • assigned to forced labor Andrew Johnson Presidency 1865-1869

24. Black Codes • Andrew Johnson did nothing to prevent • Southern states from passing Black Codes • Severely restricted the rights of newly freed blacks • Barred blacks from renting land, buying • property • kept them from serving on juries, voting • black orphans could be assigned to forced • labor • by keeping blacks powerless it ensured a stable • labor supply in the South

25. Freedmen’s Bureau • established to provide freed blacks with food, • teachers, legal aid, and other assistance • viewed by white southerners as meddling on the • part of the federal government • vetoed by Andrew Johnson along with the • Civil Rights Act • Congress overrode both vetoes • Johnson removed cabinet members who dis- • agreed with him without Senate approval • impeachment proceedings, acquitted by 1 vote

26. The 13th Amendment (1865) officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery

27. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 • gives citizenship to African • Americans • guarantees equal protection • under the law

28. The 14th Amendment (1868) Secured rights for former slaves Equal Protection Due Process

29. 15th Amendment (1870) no citizen could be prevented from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (i.e. slavery).

30. The Enforcement Act of 1870 • empowers federal authorities • to punish violators of the • Fourteenth and Fifteenth • Amendments • Problem? • United States v. Cruikshank • ruled that a state couldn’t • discriminate against blacks, • but said non-state institutions • and individuals could