Diabetes

1. Diabetes Anmol， Britnei，Jaspreet， Katlyn，& Kiran

2. What is Diabetes? • Glucose is the main type of sugar in our blood. • Known as Diabetes Mellitus, means having a higher than normal glucose level in the blood. • All types have a high and/or an abnormal amount of glucose in a persons’ blood. • Our blood carries glucose to every cell in our body. The cells use glucose as a fuel source. • If glucose can't get into the cell properly, it starts to build up in our blood. This results into high amounts of glucose in the blood. Doctors refer to this as hyperglycemia. (Hyper : means higher than normal, glyc – means glucose, and emia – means in the blood). • People with pre-diabetes have blood glucose levels that are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed of diabetes.

3. Types of Diabetes There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1: where the body makes little or no insulin. Type 2: where the body makes insulin but cannot use it properly. Gestational Diabetes: where the body is not able to properly use insulin during pregnancy. This type of diabetes goes away after the baby is born.

4. Type 1 • The immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas and destroys them. • The pancreas then produces little or no insulin. • A person who has type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily to survive. • It develops most often in children and young adults, but can appear at any age.

5. Type 2 (Most Common) • This form of diabetes is connected with older age, obesity, family history, physical inactivity, and way of life/ lifestyle. • About 80% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. • Ethnic populations, such as African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Japanese Americans are also at high risk.

6. Gestational Diabetes • Gestational diabetes develops only during pregnancy. • Like type 2 diabetes, it occurs more often in African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Japanese Americans. • Women who have had gestational diabetes have a 20% – 50% chance of developing type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years.

7. Signs Many signs and symptoms of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are similar - Both occur when there is too much glucose in the blood and not enough in the cells of your body Signs • Unusual thirst • Frequent urination • Unusual weight loss (In Type 1 the pancreas breaks down muscle tissue and fat for energy) • Extremely tired or a lack of energy • Blurred vision • Frequent or recurring infections • Cuts and bruises take long to heal • Tingling or numbness in hand or feet • Increase in appetite • Skin that is dry or itchy

8. Symptoms • Stomach aches • Nausea and vomiting • Heavy, rapid breathing • Drowsiness If Untreated it increases your risk of... • Heart disease • Stroke • Kidney damage • Skin disorder • Foot problems (which may require amputation)

9. Statistics • In 2011 6.4% of Canadians aged 12 or older have diabetes. - Males : 7.4% - Females: 5.4% - Obese: 15.3% • Type 1 – majority of children and adolescents. • Type 2 – majority of adults and gestational diabetes.

10. Preventions • Type 1: • Cannot be prevented • Genetic • Breast feeding, avoid early introductions to solid food. • Type2: • Healthy diet • Avoid Saturated fat & Trans fat • Being active • Lowering blood sugar • Lowering blood pressure • Improving fats in your blood • Maintaining a healthy weight & lose weight

11. Tests There is only one way to prove if you are diagnosed with diabetes and that is to check the blood glucose. A high blood glucose is what is common to all types of diabetes. There are quite a few procedures used to measure a person's blood glucose. • FASTING GLUCOSE:the glucose content of your blood will be measured after you have not eaten for eight hours or more. If the level is greater than 6.9 mmol/L, you will be asked to return for a repeat test. A second result above 6.9 confirms the existence of diabetes. If the fasting glucose is very high, perhaps 8.0 or more, a second test is probably not necessary. • GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST:if diabetes is suspected, but can't be proven by a fasting glucose test, a Glucose Tolerance Test can be done. For this test, you are asked to go to the lab after not eating, and a blood glucose level is taken. Then you are given a sweet drink that contains 75 grams of glucose. Blood glucose is rechecked after two hours. If the blood glucose level is greater than 11.0 mmol/L, then the diagnosis is again made. • RANDOM GLUCOSE:a person with symptoms that are typical of diabetes may have a blood glucose taken at random, even after a meal. If the level is greater than 11, the diagnosis of diabetes can also be made.

12. Treatments Type 1: • Eating a consistent, healthy diet appropriate for the patient's size and weight is essential in controlling blood sugar level. • Physical activity (Walking for a couple minutes every week). • Blood glucose testing several times a day. • Daily insulin injections or the insulin pump. • Insulin is usually given in two or three injections per day, generally around mealtimes. Type 2: • Lose weight if obese and begin an exercise program. As little as 20 minutes of walking three times a week. • Eat a consistent, well-balanced diet that is high in fibre, low in saturated fat, and low in concentrated sweets. • Don’t smoke. Smoking damages blood vessels and contributes to heart disease, and stroke • Don’t drink alcohol. • Monitor blood glucose.Check blood sugar levels frequently, at least before meals and at bedtime. • If exercise and proper eating are not enough to control blood sugars, pills are usually required.

13. Risk Factors Type 1 • If you have a family member with type 1 diabetes your likelihood of having type 1 diabetes is increased • Certain ethnic backgrounds: Mediterranean, African American, Hispanic Other factors • Bottle feeding/short duration of breat feeding • High birth weight • Mothers age at child birth (over35) • Increases with age in childhood but decreases during adulthood Type 2 • Can occur w/o you knowing especially if you have high blood pressure, high cholesterol and triglycerides • As you get older risk factors increase • Family history also accounts • Genetic and environmental factors • Amount of physical activity you do, and diet

14. References • http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/endocrine/prevention.html • http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/ms/diabetes/en/preventing_diabetes.html • http://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_treatment/article.html • http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/growth/treating_type1.html • http://chealth.canoe.ca/channel_section_details.asp?text_id=5064&channel_id=143&relation_id=65785 • http://www.diabeteshome.ca/what-is-diabetes • http://www.diabeteshome.ca/what-is-the-difference • http://www.diabeteshome.ca/ • http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-risks-of-high-glucose-levels.htm • http://www.peidiabetes.pe.ca/Documents/High_blood_glucose_type2.pdf • http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-37112.html • https://www.virginiamason.org/home/body.cfm?id=504 • http://chinese-school.netfirms.com/diabetes-causes.html • http://www.diabetes.co.uk/treatment.html • http://chinese-school.netfirms.com/diabetes-treatment.html • http://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_treatment/article.htm • http://www.diabetessymptomsonline.com/ • www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/maintain-adopt/index-eng.php • www.helpguide.org/life/healthy_eating_diet.htm