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ANCESTRAL LIZARD (with limbs)

Explore the diverse species of lizards, including monitor lizards, iguanas, and geckos, as well as their evolutionary ancestry. Learn about the common ancestor of different taxa and the fascinating branching points that led to the evolution of various reptilian lineages. Discover the importance of phylogenetic trees in understanding the relationships between different organisms.

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ANCESTRAL LIZARD (with limbs)

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  1. No limbs Eastern glass lizard Monitor lizard Iguanas ANCESTRAL LIZARD (with limbs) Snakes No limbs Geckos

  2. Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Bacteria Domain: Archaea Domain: Eukarya

  3. 2 1 Order Family Genus Species Panthera pardus (leopard) Felidae Panthera Taxidea taxus (American badger) Taxidea Carnivora Mustelidae Lutra lutra (European otter) Lutra Canis latrans (coyote) Canidae Canis Canis lupus (gray wolf)

  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Branch point: where lineages diverge Taxon A Taxon B Sister taxa Taxon C Taxon D Taxon E ANCESTRAL LINEAGE Taxon F Basal taxon Taxon G This branch point represents the common ancestor of taxa A−G. This branch point forms a polytomy: an unresolved pattern of divergence.

  5. Results Minke (Southern Hemisphere) Unknowns 1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Minke (North Atlantic) Unknown 9 Humpback Unknown 1b Blue Unknowns 10, 11, 12, 13 Fin

  6. C A G A C C A T G T C C C C A T G T C C C A G A C A G A C C A T G T C C C C A T G T C C C A G A C C A T C A A G T C C G T A C C A T C A G A G T C C C C A T C A A G T C C G T A C C A T C A G A G T C C 1 2 Deletion 1 2 Insertion G T A 1 2 1 2

  7. G G C A G T C T A A C G G A T C C A A C T A A C A C T T T G A T C A C C G G G T C T A G

  8. 2 2 1 1 (a) Monophyletic group (clade) (c) Polyphyletic group (b) Paraphyletic group A A A B B B Group I Group III C C C D D D Group II E E E F F F G G G

  9. TAXA Lancelet (outgroup) Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Leopard Lamprey Turtle Bass Frog Vertebral column (backbone) Bass 0 1 1 1 1 1 Vertebral column 1 1 Hinged jaws 0 1 0 1 Frog Hinged jaws Four walking legs CHARACTERS 0 1 1 0 0 1 Turtle Four walking legs Amnion 0 0 0 0 1 1 Amnion Leopard 1 0 0 0 Hair 0 0 Hair (a) Character table (b) Phylogenetic tree

  10. Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Chicken Human Mouse

  11. Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Chicken Human Mouse PALEOZOIC MESOZOIC CENOZOIC 251 542 65.5 Present Millions of years ago

  12. Technique 1/C I I III 1/C II II III 1/C III II I 1/C 1/C Species II Species I Species III 3/A 2/T 3/A I I III Three phylogenetic hypotheses: 2/T 3/A 4/C I I III II II III 4/C 4/C 2/T II II III II I III 2/T 4/C 2/T 3/A 3/A 4/C II I III Site 1 2 4 3 Results Species I C T T A I I III Species II C T C T II III II Species III A G C A III II I Ancestral sequence A G T T 7 events 6 events 7 events

  13. Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Ornithischian dinosaurs Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Saurischian dinosaurs Birds

  14. Front limb Hind limb Eggs (b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture based on the fossil findings (a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs

  15. 90 60 Number of mutations 30 0 0 30 60 90 120 Divergence time (millions of years)

  16. 0.15 HIV Index of base changes between HIV gene sequences 0.10 Range Adjusted best-fit line (accounts for uncertain dates of HIV sequences 0.05 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year

  17. Euglenozoans Forams Diatoms Ciliates Red algae Domain Eukarya Green algae Land plants Amoebas Fungi Animals Nanoarchaeotes Domain Archaea Methanogens Thermophiles COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE Proteobacteria (Mitochondria)* Chlamydias Spirochetes Domain Bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Cyanobacteria (Chloroplasts)*

  18. Fungi Domain Eukarya Plantae Chloroplasts Methanogens Domain Archaea Mitochondria Ancestral cell populations Thermophiles Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria Domain Bacteria

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