The Reformation Spreads

1. The Reformation Spreads

2. Explosion of Protestants! • During the reformation, hundreds of new protestant groups formed. • Calvinists – founded by John Calvin and believed in Predestination. • Predestination = the idea that god had long ago determined who would gain salvation. • Anabaptists were a more radical protestant group. • Did not believe in baptizing infants. • Tried to speed up the coming of God’s day of judgment through violent means. • Believed in religious toleration and a separation of church and state. • Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish are all related to the Anabaptists.

3. The English Reformation • The English Reformation was the work of King Henry VIII of England. • Henry VIII wanted to annul (cancel) his marriage to his 1st wife Catherine of Aragon. • No heir = big problem for Henry VIII • Pope said NO! • Because Henry VIII could not annul his marriage, he decided to create his own church called the Church of England. • Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of his church. • Cranmer annulled Henry’s marriage.

4. Henry VIII’s Wives • After his annulment from Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII married 5 more times!! • Anne Boleyn • Daughter = Elizabeth I • No son; beheaded • Jane Seymour • Son = Edward VI • Dies from complications • Anne of Cleves • Too ugly; divorce • Catherine Howard • Executed • Catherine Parr • Out lives Henry VIII

5. The Church of England • Act of Supremacy (1534) –Henry became the supreme head on Earth of the church of England. • People that did not like this were beheaded!! • Henry did not change the church much – he kept most Catholic forms of worship. • Henry’s son, Edward VI, made England a protestant country. • Parliament passed Protestant Reforms. • Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer – used in church services.

6. Mary and Elizabeth • “Bloody Mary” • Mary Tudor became Queen after Edward VI died in his teens • Wanted to return England to Catholic Church. • Hundreds of protestants were burned at the stake • Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) • Elizabethan Settlement – were a series of reforms that strengthened the Church of England. • Compromise (middle ground) between Protestant and catholic policies. • Ended religious persecution in England.

7. The Catholic Reformation • Catholic Reformation = A new reform movement within the Catholic church that tried to stop church abuses. • Led by Pope Paul III • Pope tried to revive the moral authority of the church. • Council of Trent (1545) – called by Pope Paul III and reaffirmed the traditional Catholic views that Protestants had challenged. • Salvation comes through faith and good works • Bible is a major source of religious truth

8. The Catholic Reformation • Major components of the Catholic Reformation: • Changed Church Practices • Harsh penalties for “worldliness” and corruption • Strengthen the Inquisition • Inquisition = church court created during the Middle Ages • Used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy. • Created the Index of Forbidden Books – people were not allowed to read these books. • Create Jesuits • Founded by Ignatius of Loyola • Helped bolster Catholicism

10. Legacy of the Catholic Reformation • Catholic reformers helped reduce church abuses. • Disagreements about religion led to religious Wars • French Wars of Religion (1560s) • Europe still remains divided over different interpretations of Christianity today! • Violent fighting between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland.

11. Witches! • Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance and persecuted people they thought were witches and Jews. • Witch hunts • Thousands of women died as victims of witch hunts • Usually widowed women • Most lived in German sates, Switzerland, and France. • Also in Salem Massachusetts! • Jewish Persecution • Forced to live in ghettos –separate part of city.