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Mis maastik on

Mis maastik on. Hannes Palang EHI MKK palang@tlu.ee. Koht ja maastik ja ruum (territoorium) on nagu areen, dekoratsioonid ja teater. Jüri Jagomägi 2001 Landscape is a kind of backcloth to the whole stage of human activities. Jay Appleton 1986. Undva, Saaremaa.

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Mis maastik on

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  1. Mis maastik on Hannes Palang EHI MKK palang@tlu.ee

  2. Koht ja maastik ja ruum (territoorium) on nagu areen, dekoratsioonid ja teater. Jüri Jagomägi 2001 Landscape is a kind of backcloth to the whole stage of human activities. Jay Appleton 1986 Undva, Saaremaa

  3. Sack’s framework of space conceptions SOTSIAAL- TEADUS LOODUS-TEADUS Ruum KUNST Objektiivsus Subjektiivsus UNSOPHISTICATED- FUSED PATTERN Substants

  4. Venekeelne landsaft 1 • Suhteliselt väike spetsiifiline ja ühetaoline maapinna osa • Loodusgeograafiline kompleks – vastastikku tingitud ja seotud loodusnähtused ja elemendid • Ala, kus reljeef, kliima, taimkate, loomastik, inimasukad ja kultuur moodustavad ühtse terviku (Lev Berg 1924) • Üldine tüpoloogilist üksust tähistav mõiste

  5. Venekeelne landsaft 2 • Loodusgeograafiline kompleks, kus komponendid – reljeef, kliima, veed, mullad, taimakte ja loomastik moodustavad keeruka tervikluki süsteem • Suur maapinna või maialmamere osa, mille piires ruumiline asend, geomorfoloogilised iseärasused, substraat, energiavood, keskkonnafaas ning inimtegevus moodustavad timngimused produstentide, konsumentide ja redutsentide keerukaks süsteemiks, mis omakorda mõjutab keskkonna abiootilisi omadusi

  6. Venekeelne landsaft 3 • Üldmõiste suvaliste regionaalsete või tüpoloogiliste geograafiliste üksuste kohta, umbes nagu kliima või reljeef • Maapinna välisilme

  7. Maastik teistes keeltes • Maastikumaal • Piirkond • Admin üksus • Vaade

  8. Eestikeelnemaastik • Värvide ja vormide laad vaateväljas, peisaaž • Territoriaalse üksuse üldine nimetus • Ala, kus seaduspäraselt korduvad vastastikku sõltuvad pinnavormid, mullad, taimekooslused ja inimtegevuse avaldused • Territoriaalse maastikulise liigestuse põhiüksus

  9. Maastikukomponendid – Arold 1991

  10. Landscape is a cultural image, a pictorial way of representing, structuring or symbolising surroundings. This is not to say that landscapes are immaterial. They may be represented in a variety of materials and on many surfaces - in paint on canvas, in writing on paper, in earth, stone, water and vegetation on the groundMaastik on kultuuriline kujund, ümbritseva esitamise, struktureerimise või sümboliseerimise pildiline viis.See ei tähenda, et maastikud oleks mittemateriaalsed. Maastikud võivad olla esitatud mitmesugusel alusel mitmesuguste materjalidega – värviga lõuendil, kirjana paberil, pinnase, kivide, vee ja taimedega maapinnal(Daniels, Cosgrove 1988).

  11. Kuidas maastikule läheneda • landscape as a way of using (resource: land-use, production, capital, etc.) • landscape as a way of communicating (institution: customary law, social order, etc.) • landscape as a way of seeing (scenery: representation, etc.)

  12. Mis on kultuurmaastik? • inimtegevuse poolt mõjustatudvõi ümberkujundatud maastik; • väärtustatud jooned maastikus, mida ähvardab muutus või kadu; • maastikus sisalduvad elemendid, mis omavadkultuurilist või sotsiaalmajanduslikku tähendust mingile inimrühmale.

  13. Maastikuliigitusi vene keeles • Antropogeenne maastik • Geokeemiline maastik • Linnamaastik • Kultuurmaatsik • Rikutud maastik • Optimaalne maatsik • Kaitstav maastik • Loodusmaastik • Tehnogeenne maastik

  14. Maastik maastikukonventsioonis • Landscape - maastik: territooriumi mingi osa, nii nagu seda tajuvad inimesed ja mille olemuse määravad looduslike ja antropogeensete faktorite mõjud ja koosmõjud. • Landscape protection - maastikukaitse: tegevus maastiku olemasolevate omaduste kaitseks, mida tuleneb maastiku looduslikest omadustest või kasutuse tüübist tulenevast erilisest väärtusest. • Landscape management - maastikukorraldus: tegevus ökoloogilistest või sotsiaalsetest põhjustest tekitatud maastikumuutuste harmoniseerimiseks ühiskonna/rahvastiku nõudmistega oma ümbrusele, lähtuvalt säästva arengu põhimõtetest • Landscape planning - maastikuplaneerimine: regionaal- või territoriaalplaneerimisel põhinev tulevikkusuunatud tegevus, mille eesmärgiks on luua uusi maastikke ühiskonna/rahvastiku nõudmistest lähtuvalt • Landscape quality objective - maastikukvaliteedi eesmärk: rahvastiku/ühiskonna nõudmiste väljendus, mis puudutab ümbruse maastikulisi tegureid • Landscape plan - maastikuplaan: kaarte ja fotosid sisaldav dokument, mis määratleb ja hindab territooriumi maastikulisi aspekte ja mis on koostatud nii, et ta oleks aluseks maastikulisi aspekte puudutavate otsuste tegemisel.

  15. Maastik Dobrisi raamatus • ·geoloogilisele ja klimaatilisele tsoonile iseloomulikud pinnavormid; • ·maakasutuse ja maastiku majanduslik potentsiaal; • ·eri tähelepanu maastikele, kus kombineeruvad ökoloogiliselt sobivad protsessid ja säästlik looduskasutus; • ·ekstensiivselt kasutatavate alade esinemine ja nende tähtsus loodusele; • ·regioonile spetsiifiliste asustusmustrite, vanade põllusüsteemide, põlispuude, terrasside jm. kultuuripärandi esinemine; • ·vaate kvaliteet ja regiooni visuaalsed omadused.

  16. Loodusmaastik Kultuurmaastik Kultuurmaastik Loodusmaastik Loodus- ja kultuurmaastik

  17. Model landscape • Maastik koosneb kolmest kihist: nähtavast, tajutavast ning neid suunavaist tegureist. Need kolm kihti moodustavad maastikuga seonduva fenomenide kogumi. • Maastik on tervik. non-material perceivable material visible Underlying processes Underlying processes

  18. LANDSCAPE INTERFACES

  19. LANDSCAPE INTERFACES This interface represents the interaction of time-space continuum which influences the design and planning of landscape research and management. Often we focus on just one of the these two fundamental variables treating the other as fixed, such that we study spatial processes via a snap-shot in time, and temporal processes at just one point in space as if this place was not connected to other places. An important interface for the development of our understanding and hence theory development in the realm of landscape development and dynamics. For examples, land use change transition matrices can provide important insights into the dynamics of landscape change through the study not only of mass change but also where that change took place and how each parcel of land became transformed to another use. An important interface for combining technical approaches with classical historical methodology.

  20. LANDSCAPE INTERFACES This interface deals with the interaction between different cultures. It is the way different cultures perceive and interpret landscape that is in focus as well as the way different cultures give landscape different symbolic meaning. The study of the cultural interface in landscape research is extremely important for the understanding of how landscape evolved in the past and how conflicts may arise in the future. The interface also links with the past-future interface since cultures can be from different geographic, ethnic, socio-economic groups or the same group at different time periods.

  21. LANDSCAPE INTERFACES The past-future interface in landscape studies focuses on the temporal landscape dynamics. The temporal dynamics have been always seen as a fundamental aspect of landscape studies and is also reflected in most landscape ecology definitions. The interface is in the present but at the junction where we both look forward and back. The techniques used by futures studies and those of history have some similarities but they are not the same – can we find new ways of looking at the past or new ways of predicting the future through combining approaches? Scenario testing is one of the important toys in futures studies but how do we assess the reliability of both the scenarios and their consequences? Several studies have tried retrospective futures studies by predicting the present from historical data. Combining a wide range of research approaches will be necessary to advance our ability to predict alternative landscape futures and their social and environmental consequences.

  22. LANDSCAPE INTERFACES The human landscape is that which is formed in our brains and studied through a wide range of humanistic approaches, particularly phenomenological perspectives and techniques. The material landscape is the one we can touch and smell and agree is there through consensus. Linking to the two together has been and continues to be a difficult process. Fortunately, there are several research initiatives making progress in this field. Of course both aspects of this interface exist and have a place in landscape research. The challenge is the interface between them and how to develop joint theory. Part of the problem is the extreme relativist approach has rather little to offer landscape management which is dealing with very real problems in material landscapes. How can insights gathered from studying the mental landscape best be incorporated into the knowledge base needed for solving current landscape conflicts.

  23. LANDSCAPE INTERFACES The major conflict in landscape studies is between the humanities and the natural sciences. Both lay claims to the landscape studies and both have ownership rights over certain aspects of landscape knowledge. How then do we combine these and other knowledge cultures? The problems are somewhat connected to the interface between material and mental landscapes but go deeper into the ontological issues. Just what constitutes reliable knowledge and what can be accepted as data. The role of interdisciplinarity, the advantages of combining approaches etc. etc.

  24. LANDSCAPE INTERFACES One of the current social trends is the involvement of lay people especially stakeholders, into the research process. This participatory research and the related action research are both popular social sciences approaches offering a way for end users of research to have input to the defining the research objectives, research methods, data collection, analysis and interpretation. What is this interface, where is it leading? Does it work? Does it remove conflicts? How does the position of the researcher change and is this a good thing? Is mode 2 (Gibbons) knowledge really better? A way forward, getting the best from the interface.

  25. LANDSCAPE INTERFACES The scale interface is one that is often hidden in research planning but important for our understanding of social and environmental processes. Hierarchy theory and its impact. The international movement from sites to landscapes as suitable management arenas. The emphasis on landscape typology and landscape planning and management in both cultural and natural heritage studies and policy. The interfaces and interactions between scales. The importance of always viewing the scale up and down from that selected for research studies.

  26. LANDSCAPE INTERFACES The use versus preservation debate, both for cultural, and natural heritage management. New thinking on historical landscapes their mapping, evaluation and management. Alternatives to museum preservation. Involving local people in cultural heritage management. Environmental capital. Growing importance of local and national identity. Symbolic/ritual landscapes and their preservation. Too much to do in this one, more of a problem to cut down…..

  27. Maastik on • 1) maastiku mõistes sisaldub mitu tähenduskihti, • 2) maastiku mõiste sisaldab mitu lahendamata konflikti (kollektiivne kuuluvus contra individuaalne kontroll, objektiivne ja subjektiivne, mentaalne ja materiaalne), • 3) maastiku ja looduse mõisted on omavahel seotud, • 4) termineid "loodus, maastik ja kultuurmaastik" võib mõista ja tõlgendada vaid nende ajalooliselt spetsiifilises sotsiaalses ja kultuurilises kontekstis.

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