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Warm-Up (4-10/4-11-13)

COPY & Answer the question on P 15E What are some of the problems that could arise for a country after it achieves independence? What are some of the consequences and responsibilities resulting from independence ? (5 sentences or more) . Warm-Up (4-10/4-11-13). PROBLEMS:. Ethnic disputes

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Warm-Up (4-10/4-11-13)

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  1. COPY & Answer the question on P 15E • What are some of the problems that could arise for a country after it achieves independence? What are some of the consequences and responsibilities resulting from independence? • (5 sentences or more) Warm-Up (4-10/4-11-13)

  2. PROBLEMS: • Ethnic disputes • Growing debt • Cultural dependence • Widespread social unrest • Military responses to restore order

  3. African Conflicts

  4. Tribalism– continuing loyalty to tribes and prejudice against other tribes Poverty – massive unemployment or under employment Subsistence Agriculture – many tribes, villages, families, exist on what they produce Disease – epidemics of malaria, Ebola virus, parasites, nutritional diseases, yellow fever, sleeping sickness, and HIV/AIDS. Hunger – vast numbers are hungry daily Problems of New African Nations

  5. Problems (CONTINUE) • Sanitary Conditions – lack of knowledge between cleanliness and disease prevention. • Lack of Communication – with over 800 major language groups, intertribal communication remains a problem. • Lack of Educational Opportunities – rural villages and cities lack the educational resources to properly educate the young • Desertification –land degradation

  6. The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, ethnic, racial, political, or cultural group. Genocide

  7. Started in 1945 192 current member countries Purpose: to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and address international problems Issues include: poverty, disease, illiteracy, environment, human rights Each country has one vote The United Nations

  8. Both must be present for the UN to declare genocide: • 1.) Mental Element –an intent or plan to destroy a group of people • 2.) Physical element – any evidence of the following being committed: • Killing members of a group • Causing serious bodily or mental harm to a group • Inflicting conditions of life to bring about the destruction of a group • Preventing births in the group • Forcibly transferring children from one group to another • Punishable forms of the crime of genocide: genocide, conspiracy (plot), incitement (encouragement), attempt and complicity (involvement). U.N. Criteria For of Genocide

  9. Sudan

  10. Egypt controlled Sudan • Great Britain colonized Egypt • GB also took over Sudan • Independent in 1956 • Ethnic power struggles • Arab Africans vs. Black Africans • Dictatorship control • extremist Arab/Muslim Sudan’s History

  11. Sudanese Population • Divided into northern and southern region • 61% of the population can read • Blacks make up 52% and Arabs make up 39% of the population

  12. In 1983, Islamic Law became law of land • Everyone forced to obey the Laws of Islam, regardless of religious beliefs. • Civil war between • North (Muslim) • South (Christian) • General Omar Bashir staged a coup (takeover) and has been in total control for 20 years • Bashir is the leader of a radical Arab Muslim group • Goal = entire nation of only Arab Muslims • Target Black Christians and Animists Problems

  13. 1978 oil Discovered - southern Sudan • Arab/Muslim north fought Black/Christian south for control • Military government won control of the oil • This keeps the south in poverty • Government does not give any profits to the south Sudanese government planned out the killings of the Black Africans in their own country. Conflicts Over Oil

  14. Region in the west • In 2003, Black Sudanese rebelled • government neglected them • In 2004, Government army attacked to stop rebellion • Government hired radical Arab militia to carry out killings of Darfur villagers • U.N. declares it genocide Darfur

  15. Indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) • 2009 • Charged with 5 counts of Crimes Against Humanity • (murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture and rape) • 2 counts of War Crimes • (intentionally directing attacks against civilians) • 2010 • Charged with 3 counts of Genocide • #’s 1, 2, & 3 • Killing members of a group • Causing serious bodily or mental harm to a group • Inflicting conditions of life to bring about the destruction of a group General Omar al-Bashir

  16. Today… • 2011 Republic of South Sudan • Gained independence from Sudan

  17. Rwanda

  18. Ethnic History • Region first organized into kingdoms • Hutus and Tutsis • 2 major tribes • By 1800’s one kingdom dominated the land • Sparked tension between Hutus and Tutsis • Kingdom fell to Germans

  19. Became independent nation in 1962 • After giving up control, Belgium began to favor Hutu majority. • Hutus killed & exiled Tutsis • Hutu President Habyarimana seized control in 1973 • Government began threatening Tutsi elimination • Civil war erupted in 1990 • Tutsi refugees invaded • attempted to overthrow Hutu government • In April 1994, President Habyarimana was assassinated in a plane crash. (believed by Tutsis) Rwandan Independence

  20. 1996 Rwandan government held genocide trials of many government officials: • 22 were killed for their role in the murders • U.N. not supportive of the punishment of death • 1998 U.N. held trials • Found 2 guilty of Crimes Against Humanity • Sentenced to life in prison Criminal Charges

  21. South Africa & Apartheid

  22. Gold & Natural resources – European Colonization • After WWII Apartheid began in 1949 to 1994 Apartheid: • was a system of racial segregation enforced by the government. •  racial discrimination was institutionalized • Race Laws: touched every aspect of social life • (jobs, marriage, education, living condition/area) South Africa

  23. Apartheid Laws • Races separated into specific geographic locations • 87% of land reserved for only 20% of population • White, Indians, & coloured • Created “homelands” for blacks • 13% of land divided into 10 homelands • No longer citizens of S. Africa (no vote) • Deemed “guest laborers” • Had to carry a pass • Could not intermarry • Could not employ white person • Black police could not arrest a white person • Could not get a S. Africa passport • Had to carry a passbook from their “homeland” • Could not travel

  24. Apartheid = “Apartness” in Afrikaans • Segregated white South Africans from black South Africans • South Africans were classified by race • White • Indian (also a colony of Great Britain) • Coloured (mixed race) • Black Apartheid

  25. 1994 – Apartheid ends • Nelson Mandela (president) •  Anti-apartheid activist (civil rights leader) • Was arrested for his protests [served 27 yrs in prison] • Became a national symbol • 1993 won Nobel Peace Prize Independence for South Africa

  26. Last class we learned about some of the problems that African colonies faced in order to achieve independence. (look back at you notes) • Do you think all the problems and conflicts that Africa faced to achieve independence were worth it? • Why or why not? • Answer the question in 5+ complete sentences: • Ex: • Yes, I think that all the problems and conflicts that Africa faced to achieve independence were worth it because….. OR • No, I think that all the problems and conflicts that Africa faced to achieve independence were not worth it because….. WARM-UP P. 15I(4-12/4-15) Copy & Answer the following question

  27. U.N.: 15,000 Flee Southern Darfur • Reading Comprehension Questions • Where is the refugee camp located? What prompted thousands to seek shelter at the camp? • What does OCHA stand for? According to them, who was the fighting between? • How many people are estimated to have been killed since 2003? From what are they dying? • Why have 2.7 million people been forced to flee their homes? • According to the 3rd to last paragraph, who hired the Arab militias, and what were they targeting in the villages. • Who charged General Bashir with genocide? Why did Bashir agree to a cease-fire in Darfur? • Who was not included in the cease-fire agreement?

  28. 1. leader of a black consciousness movement 2. 1946 - 30 yrs old when he died 3. National Union of South African Students 4. To hide his identity 5. Help political prisoners and their families 6. severe brain damage from injuries sustained in custody 7. Nelson Mandela 8. He was a civil rights leader/anti-apartheid activist-his death caused outrage in South Africa 1977 Steve Biko dies in custody (news article)

  29. Group Posters • You will be assigned a topic • In your groups create a poster about your topic (use your notes &document) • Each Person Will Have A Job: • 1. Illustrator 1 • 2. Illustrator 2 • 3. Writer 1 • 4. Writer 2 • 5. Get supplies for group/ Time keeper *Poster Topics* • Problems of New African Nation • United Nations • Sudan & Darfur • Rwanda • South Africa • Apartheid

  30. Your group will come up to present to the class the poster The Class: Will listen and fill in the chart as they view/hear the presentations Presentations

  31. Article: Conflicts in Africa -http://www.globalissues.org/issue/83/conflicts-in-africa 1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes & document) 2. List 4 causes and effects: (describe each) 3. Drawings: draw each of the 4 causes & effects 4. Conclusion: Which of the problems you have learned about was the greatest challenge new African nations faced and why? Give at least 2 specific reasons. Problems of a New African Nation

  32. Article: United Nations http://learningtogive.org/lessons/unit65/lesson2_attachments/1.html • 1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes & document) • 2.List the UN Criteria for Genocide • 3. Drawings: draw 4 images that represent what the United Nations stands for and how they help countries. • 4. Conclusion: The United Nations been beneficial to many countries since it was first established. Should the United Nations continue to help out countries in need? Yes or No, explain your answer with 2 examples. United Nations (UN)

  33. Article:http://www.enoughproject.org/conflicts/sudans • http://www.history.com/topics/darfur-conflict • 1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes & document) • 2. Venn Diagram Compare & Contrast Sudan and Darfur • 3. Drawings: draw 2 drawings about Sudan draw 2 drawings about Darfur • 4. Conclusion: In 2011 South Sudan gain independence from Sudan, do you think this will help stop the conflict between North and South Sudan? Why or why not? Explain give 2 examples. Sudan & Darfur

  34. Articles: Rwanda/Why is there conflict between Tutsis and Hutus? www.globalissues.org/article/429/rwanda http://history1900s.about.com/od/rwandangenocide/a/Rwanda-Genocide.htm • 1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes & document) • 2. Venn Diagram Compare & Contrast the Hutu & Tutsi • 3. Drawings: draw 4 pictures of what your group has learned about Rwanda. • 4. Conclusion: Analyze the Hutu tribe vs. Tutsi tribe conflict: can this conflict be resolved? Explain how and why or why not. Give at least 2 specific reasons from your readings and notes. Rwanda

  35. Article: http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his312/lectures/southafr.htm • 1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes & document) • 2.List 4 causes and effects: (describe each) • 3. Drawings: draw each of the 4 causes & effects • 4. Conclusion: From the four causes that you listed, which one would you choose as the one that played the most important part as to having the most devastating effect on Africa and the African people? Explain and give 2 examples. South Africa

  36. Articles:1. http://www.history.com/topics/apartheid • 2. http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/upfront/features/index.asp?article=f010906_apartheid • 1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes & document) • 2. List 4 causes and effects:(describe each) • 3. Drawings: 4 images about Apartheid • 4. Conclusion: Based on your readings and notes, what can you conclude about Apartheid: was this system helpful to the African people? Why or Why not? Explain and give at least 2 specific reasons from your readings and notes. Apartheid

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