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Biogeography

Biogeography. Zoogeographic Regions. The Distribution of Birds. Vicariance on order or family level No Pangea connection for modern birds. The Distribution of Birds. Gondwanaland / Laurasia May have affected two lineages in late Jurassic – Cretaceous. The Distribution of Birds.

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Biogeography

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  1. Biogeography

  2. Zoogeographic Regions

  3. The Distribution of Birds • Vicariance on order or family level • No Pangea connection for modern birds

  4. The Distribution of Birds • Gondwanaland / Laurasia • May have affected two lineages in late Jurassic – Cretaceous

  5. The Distribution of Birds • Archaeopteryx • Liaoningornis • Isolated Oriental • 1  Strong connection among southern continents • 2  Strong connection among Holarctic

  6. Southern Connection • Connects the older lineages • Explains distributions of families/orders • Ethiopian • Neotropical • Australasian

  7. Southern Connection • Ratites (flightless) • Penguins (flightless) • Neotropics, Antarctic, Australasian, Ethiopian

  8. The Distribution of Birds • Hesperonis • Ichthyornis • Enantiornithes • Ancient shorebird order, few others? • Isolated Oriental

  9. Worldwide Lineages (flying) • Psittaciformes (Parrots) • Columbiformes (Pigeons) • Galliformes (Pheasants & Quail) • Cuculiformes (Cuckoos)

  10. Worldwide Lineages

  11. Worldwide Lineages (flying) QUAIL PARROTS

  12. Greenland Connection – 65 MYA • Tropical Connection • Climate change shifts distributions • Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental • Family Level • Trogons, Barbets

  13. Bering Connection (recent) • Originally Boreal • Currently Tundra • No holarctic connection for temperate biomes • Lots of genus and species

  14. Holarctic Connections Many Temperate Connections Due to Convergence All Similarities in Passerines Boreal / Tundra Bering Connection Tropical Greenland Connection

  15. Panama Connection ~ 6 MYA • Genus level • Warm Species • Both Directions • Latitudinal vs. Longitudinal dispersion

  16. Borneo Connection ~ last 15 MY • Wallace’s Line • nature of ease of movement • One-way Movement • Monarch Flycatchers • Bee-eaters

  17. Temperate Convergence Eastern Meadowlark Yellow-throated Longclaws

  18. Temperate Convergence African Black-headed Oriole African Golden Oriole Orchard Oriole Black-crimson Oriole Audubon’s Oriole Altamira Oriole

  19. Tropical Convergence Bee-eater Jacamar

  20. Tropical Convergence Hornbill Toucan

  21. Tropical Convergence Sunbird Hummingbird

  22. Diversity • Australia • Isolated 50 – 15 MYA • Passerine radiation • Indian (Oriental) • 150 – 45 MYA • Few endemics • S. America • 65 – 6 MYA

  23. Diversity • Africa • Similar fauna in arid and tropic regions • Ineffective Barriers • Vicariant events • Palearctic / Nearctic • Size • Temperate Species

  24. Waterbirds Gulls Shorebirds Seabirds Rails Herons Ducks Mobile Landbirds Hawks Owls Swallows Swifts Worldwide Distribution

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