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Fungi for Fellows

Fungi for Fellows. David N. Fredricks, MD Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Invasiveness Superficial mycoses Trichophyton infxn hair Onychomycosis Subcutaneous mycoses Madurella (madura foot) Chromoblastomycosis Deep mycoses Invasive pulm. aspergillosis Candidemia

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Fungi for Fellows

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  1. Fungi for Fellows David N. Fredricks, MD Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center

  2. Invasiveness Superficial mycoses Trichophyton infxn hair Onychomycosis Subcutaneous mycoses Madurella (madura foot) Chromoblastomycosis Deep mycoses Invasive pulm. aspergillosis Candidemia Disseminated histoplasmosis Cryptococcal meningitis Source of fungi: Endogenous/Exogenous Endogenous human Candida spp. Pneumocystis jirovecii Ubiquitous Environmental Aspergillus Zygomycetes (Mucorales) Regional endemic mycoses Histoplasma Coccidioides Blastomyces Paracoccidioides *Widespread endemic mycoses Cryptococcus (haploid/diploid) Sporothrix Infection Classification Schemes Morphology Yeasts Moulds Dimorphic * But not ubiquitous

  3. Candida Aspergillus Rhizopus Cryptococcus Blastomyces Histoplasma Coccidioides Paracoccidioides

  4. Diagnosis of Fungal Infection • Clinical: fever, pulmonary symptoms, skin lesions, sinus tenderness, pain, etc. • Risk factors (host) • Neutropenia, steroids, iron overload, SOT • Radiological • Chest x-ray • CT scans of chest, sinuses, abdomen Microbiological • Histological: biopsy of suspect lesions • Serological: Antibody (limited) and antigen tests (galactomannan and CRAG) • Molecular: Nucleic acids (PCR) • Cultivation • Blood cultures: low yield for most moulds • Culture of suspect lesions by biopsy • BAL fluid culture in patients with pneumonia General Specific

  5. Case 1 • A 58 year old man s/p partial colectomy for colon cancer develops fever, tachycardia, and hypotension (85/60) and is transferred to the ICU. He is on broad spectrum antibiotics, has a central venous catheter (CVC), a foley catheter, and is receiving total parenteral nutrition. Creatinine is rising, now 2.5. • The lab reports that a blood culture is growing yeasts.

  6. Case 1: What is the best intervention? • Remove the CVC and repeat blood culture • Start an amphotericin B product IV (e.g. ambisome) • Start fluconazole IV • Start an echinocandin IV (e.g. micafungin), and switch to fluconazole if yeast is susceptible

  7. Debates • Should you remove the central venous catheter with candidemia? • IDSA guidelines say YES: studies show faster clearance of fungemia and improved survival • Recent study in Clinical Infectious Diseases showed that in a cohort of 842 patients with candidemia, line removal was associated with decreased mortality and improved treatment success, but not in multivariate analysis (CID 2010;51:295) • This study has been criticized on grounds that authors over-adjusted in multivariate analysis. • Should care teams obtain an ID consult? • IDSA Abstract: Marwa Shoeb et al. Patients who received IDCs were 9 times more likely to survive at 30 days than patients without IDCs when controlling for Apache-II score (hazard 9.03, 95% CI 2.68-30.36, p=0.0004). Conclusion: Infectious diseases consultations for patients with candidemia were associated with improved adherence to standards of care and decreased mortality without increasing costs or hospital stays.

  8. Candida species • Yeasts, pseudohyphae (elongated single cells with constricted ends), and true hyphae (septations) • Candida species: C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei,C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, C.lusitaniae, C. guilliermondii • Part of the normal human microbiota: opportunists • Oral cavity, GI and genital tracts • Disease Risk factors: AIDS, diabetes, surgery, catheters, antibiotics, neutropenia, burns, dialysis

  9. Candida Diseases • Superficial • Thrush: white patches on oral mucosa • Vaginal candidiasis: thick curdlike discharge, puritis & burning • Dermatitis: diaper rash, intertriginous  assoc w/ moisture • Erythema, papules, fissures, itching, burning • Onychomycosis and paronychia: nails • CMC: defect in TH17 signaling

  10. Candida Diseases • Deep and disseminated • Esophagitis: odynophagia, ulceration • Candidemia: 4th most common organism • GI tract: hematologic malignancy • Urinary tract: bladder catheterization • Vascular catheter infections • Disseminated disease: hepatosplenic (Alk P), nephric, fungemic • Endophthalmitis: expanding white cotton ball (retina/vitreous) • Endocarditis: usually requires surgery Clinical pearl: Candida pneumonia is rare

  11. Fluconazole vs. AmB for Candidemia • Study population: 237 non-neutropenic, immunocompetant patients with candidemia • 206 evaluable subjects (103 + 103) • AmB 0.5-0.6 mg/kg/day vs. fluconazole 400 mg/day for 14 days after last + blood culture • Success: 79% AmB vs. 70% Fluconazole (95% CI –5%, 23%, not significant) • 41 deaths with AmB, 34 with Flu (p = 0.2) • More toxicity with AmB Rex JH et al. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1325-1330.

  12. Caspofungin versus Amphotericin B for Invasive Candidiasis • Study population: 224 subjects with clinical evidence of infection and a culture positive for Candida from blood or other sterile site were stratified by APACHE II score and presence of neutropenia • Randomized, double-blind, multi-center study: • IV caspofungin OR IV amphotericin B • Minimum of 10 days of IV therapy required; antifungal therapy continued for 14 days after last positive Candida culture • Lower toxicity in the caspofungin arm Mora-Duarte J et al. New Eng J Med 2002 Dec 19;347(25):2020-9

  13. Amphotericin B Caspofungin Caspofungin versus Amphotericin B for Invasive Candidiasis Analysis of all patients (non-stratified) 100 80 81% 73% 60 Successful outcomes (%) 62% 65% 40 P<0.05 20 0 Modified ITT Evaluable patients Successful outcome = symptom resolution and microbiological clearance Mora-Duarte J et al. New Eng J Med 2002 Dec 19;347(25):2020-9

  14. Guidelines for Therapy of Candidemia • Not neutropenic, no prior azoles, germ-tube positive (C. albicans) • Fluconazole at 400-800mg/d (clinically stable) • Echinocandins: Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin • AmB (0.7 mg/kg/d): increased toxicity (cost vs. toxicity) • Lipid formulations of AmB 3-5 mg/kg (LFAB) in setting of renal toxicities • Non-albicans Candida; neutropenic patients, prior azole Rx • Echinocandins • Amphotericin B 0.7 mg/kg/d; LFAB • Sequential AmB  Flu therapy • Susceptible organism & clinical response • Consider susceptibility testing • Voriconazole approved for candidemia; C. glabrata still a problem • Catheter should be pulled when feasible • Several studies suggest mortality benefit, but sicker patients tend to have catheter retained When in doubt, echinocandinize and step down to fluconazole!

  15. Candidemia: Take Home Messages • Don’t blow off a positive blood culture! • Remove central venous catheters with + blood culture • 30% mortality overall, but goes from 15% when Rx started on day 0 of culture, to 41% when started day 4 • Don’t delay! • Echinocandins just as effective as other agents, but less toxic and greater spectrum of Candida covered • Fluconazole is good choice for stable patient when not exposed to previous azoles, and not neutropenic • Treat for at least 14 days

  16. Case 2 • A 45-year-old woman from Boston with poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes had facial and periorbital swelling for four days. On the day of admission she was unable to open her right eye (Panel A). On admission she had a white-cell count of 22,000 per cubic millimeter, with 84% neutrophils and bands and a moderate degree of metabolic acidosis (blood pH, 7.22; plasma bicarbonate concentration, 8 mmol per liter). A CT scan of the head (Panel B) showed involvement of the paranasal sinuses (arrow) and periorbital soft tissues. Material from the periorbital tissue (Panel C), stained with periodic acid-Schiff stain (×560), demonstrated irregularly shaped broad hyphae with right-angle branching (arrow).

  17. Case 2 N Engl J Med 1995; 333:564

  18. Case 2: The most likely diagnosis is: A. Invasive aspergillosis with sinusitis B. Sino-orbital mucormycosis C. Blastomycosis D. Invasive dermatophyte infection E. Cryptococcosis

  19. Case 2: The best treatment is: • Sharpened steel: call the surgeons • Treat underlying DKA with insulin drip • Start ambisome IV at 5 mg/kg per day • Start posaconazole at 200 mg PO QID • A, B, and C.

  20. Treatment of Mucormycois • Surgery: early consultation and intervention • Treat underlying host factors; reverse immunosuppression, acidosis, hyperglycemia • Antifungal therapy: • Lipid-AmB: high doses, empiric and directed • Posaconazole: oral salvage, follow on Rx Unproven approaches • Iron chelation therapy with deferasirox? • Combination therapy? • Ampho + Echinocandins? • Ampho + Posaconazole?

  21. Surgery for zygomycosis • 255 cases of pulmonary zygomycosis • 30 Duke, 225 literature • Overall mortality = 80% • Retrospective analysis of mortality by treatment group (in subset of treated pts) • Surgical (n= 36): 11% • Medical (n= 56): 68% • Difference highly significant (p = 0.0004) • Limitations: retrospective, selection bias Tedder M. et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;57:1044-50.

  22. Posaconazole for zygomycosis • van Burik JA CID 2006;42:e61-65 • Salvage therapy in 91 patients who were refractory (81) or intolerant (10) of initial therapy; 800 mg/day • Complete and partial responses in 60%, with stable disease in another 21% at 12 weeks • Greenberg RN et al AAC 2006;50:126-33 • Salvage therapy in 24 patients with zygomycosis who failed or were intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy (11 rhinocerebral, 4 disseminated) 800 mg /day orally divided • Survival in 19/24 = 79% compared with historical survival rates of 50-70% using first line therapy These were both salvage studies; there are no large published studies examining the efficacy of posaconazole for initial treatment of mucormycosis

  23. Mucormycosis(a.k.a. zygomycosis) • Rhinocerebral and sino-orbital disease • Risks: Diabetes (DKA), iron chelation with deferoxamine • Invasion of orbit and brain from sinuses • Rx: surgery and high dose lipid Ampho • Pulmonary • Risks: Stem cell tx, leukemia, lymphoma, Solid organ tx • May disseminate to brain • Behaves like Aspergillus infection • Halo, crescent signs; angioinvasion • Other: GI, cutaneous, disseminated, isolated cerebral Why do patients with DKA develop mucormycosis?

  24. The Iron-pH Connection Deferoxamine: used by fungi as siderophore and therefore increased risk Serum from DKA: acidic = 69 ug/dl free iron vs. basic = 13 ug/dl better growth of Rhizopus in acidic serum due to increase iron

  25. THM: Reverse underlying predisposing factors, call the surgeon, start ambisome

  26. Case 3 Neutrophils • A 39 year-old woman had relapse of her acute myeloid leukemia and was treated with cytarabine and mylotarg (Anti-CD33 Ab) resulting in prolonged neutropenia • She developed unexplained fevers (“febrile neutropenia”) despite treatment with ceftazidime and fluconazole • Remote tobacco use. WA resident, no travel • Exam: fever without localizing signs • Labs: ANC = 0, UA negative, Blood cx neg • CXR: Bibasilar opacities

  27. Case 3: Chest CT

  28. Case 3: What is most likely diagnosis and best treatment? • Candida pneumonia; micafungin • Aspergillosis; amphotericin B • Aspergillosis; voriconazole • Pulmonary mucormycosis; ambisome • Cryptococcosis: ampho B + 5FC How would you confirm the diagnosis?

  29. Invasive Aspergillosis • Aspergillus species: ubiquitous moulds • A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. niger, A. ustus • Ubiquity means no geographic predisposition • Opportunistic pathogens: it’s the host! • Conidia are infectious unit  inhaled, form hyphae • Primary respiratory infection • Angioinvasion leads to necrosis of tissue • Pneumonia, sinusitis • Dissemination associated with high mortality • Skin, brain, GI tract, pericardium, myocardium

  30. Who gets invasive aspergillosis? • Underlying lung disease • Hematological malignancy, chemotherapy • Immunosuppression • Steroids • Neutropenia • Chronic granulomatous disease, AIDS • Transplantation • Solid organ • Hematopoietic stem cells

  31. Invasive Aspergillosis • Labs: routine labs not helpful; neutropenia is risk • Diagnosis • Suspect when risk factors and radiological findings are present; may be clinically silent • CT chest: nodules, halo, crescent, infiltrate, effusion • Histology of tissue: hyphae proven fungal infection • Septate hyphae with 45 0 angle dichotomous branching • Culture: sputum, BAL fluid, tissue • Blood cultures negative even with dissemination • Galactomannan antigen, PCR

  32. Galactomannan antigen testing for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis • Sandwich ELISA detection limit = 0.5 ng/ml • Tissue: serum, BAL fluid, CSF • Approved in the United States and Europe as aid to diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in adults (0.5 OD cutoff) • False negatives: antifungal therapy, limited disease, SOT • Sensitivities of 29-100% reported • False positive rate is quite variable, depending on patient population (kids), underlying disease (mucositis), and cutoff • False + or True +? Definition: biological vs. clinical? • Absorbed GM from food, cereal grains, Bifidobacterial antigen • Antibiotics: Zosyn, Augmentin THM: Think aspergillosis in an appropriate host with radiographic abnormalities. Dx: galactomannan, culture, histology.

  33. Aspergillosis • Treatment options • Azoles: voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole • Echinocandins: caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin • Polyenes: Ampho B, Ambisome (liposomal), Abelcet (lipid) • CombinationRx, voriconazole + anidulafungin: RCT underway • What is the single best agent? • Herbrecht R. et al. Voriconazole vs. amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis NEJM 2002:347;408-415. Unblinded RCT. • At 12 weeks, success in 53% on vori, 32% on AmphoB • Survival in 71% on vori, 58% on AmphoB • Much less toxicity in vori arm

  34. Hazard ratio, 0.59 95 % CI, 0.40 to 0.88

  35. Case 3: 12 days later…Treatment: voriconazole Prior CT New CT

  36. Day 0, 4, 10 CTs Caillot D et al. Increasing Volume and Changing Characteristics of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis on Sequential Thoracic Computed Tomography Scans in Patients With NeutropeniaJournal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 19, Issue 1 (January), 2001: 253-259

  37. Combination Therapy: Aspergillosis • Animal models of infection show combination therapy with an azole and echinocandin improves survival, reduces pathology, and reduces organism burden • Petraitis V et al. J Infect Dis. 2003:187:1834-43. • MacCallum DM et al. AAC. 2005 49:3697-701 • Results of randomized controlled trials of combo therapy? • Non-randomized, uncontrolled study of 47 subjects who failed initial therapy with an AmphoB regimen, salvage • 31 vori, 16 vori + caspo (Marr K et al. CID 2004;39:797-802) Combination salvage therapy wasassociated with reduced mortalityrelative to voriconazole alone(HR, 0.27; 95% CI,0.09 0.78; P = .008).

  38. Case 4 • 58 y.o. woman s/p renal transplant in 12/2000 for polycystic kidney disease, on MMF, tacrolimus, and prednisone, was admitted for elective surgery • Post-op CXR showed a LLL lung mass that was new since 2001 when she had an episode of pneumonia • Denied any fevers or pulmonary complaints

  39. Post-Op

  40. Exposures and Social History • Social History: Microbiologist. • Remote exposure to parakeets and limited exposure to dogs (all healthy) • Most recent travel to Orcas and San Juan Islands in 9/06. Lopez Island in 7/05. Traveled to Italy 1 ½ yrs ago.

  41. Frozen Section

  42. Wedge resection - Mucicarmine Stain

  43. Further Evaluation • CT head with contrast - no masses or abnormalities other than old aneurysm clip • LP performed with normal OP • normal protein and glucose • acellular • CSF CrAg negative • fungal stain and culture negative • Serum CrAg negative • Blood cultures negative

  44. Cryptococcus neoformans • Yeast with worldwide distribution • High concentrations in pigeon droppings, soil • Thick polysaccharide capsule • Sexual mould form detected: Filobasidiella neoformans • Varieties of C. neoformans • Serotype A : var. grubii • Serotypes B and C: C. gattii • Outbreak on Vancouver Is. = “B” • Serotypes D: var. neoformans

  45. Cryptococcosis • Opportunistic infection: AIDS, cancer, organ transplantation, steroids, diabetes • Primary pathogen in selected cases (10-40%) • Pathophysiology: Pneumonia  dissemination via blood to meninges, skin • Self limited pneumonia: well circumscribed lesions with surprisingly meager inflammatory response; commonly untreated in normal host • Meningitis: (or disseminated disease) / immunocompromised host: treat with antifungals • AIDS: crypto meningitis common opportunistic infection • Complication: Elevated intracranial pressure (measure opening pressure at time of LP!!)

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