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T h e D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m

T h e D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m. D i g e s t i o n. C h a n g e s f o o d i n t o a u s a b l e f o r m . P h y s i c a l D i g e s t i o n C h e m i c a l D i g e s t i o n. O r g a n s o f D i g e s t i o n.

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T h e D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m

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  1. T h e D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m

  2. D i g e s t i o n C h a n g e s f o o d i n t o a u s a b l e f o r m . • P h y s i c a l D i g e s t i o n • C h e m i c a l D i g e s t i o n

  3. O r g a n s o f D i g e s t i o n T h e A l i m e n t a r y C a n a l M o u t h E s o p h a g u s S t o m a c h S m a l l i n t e s t i n e L a r g e i n t e s t i n e

  4. 1. The six basic nutrients are carbohydrates,proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water.

  5. 2. An unsaturated fat is a fatty acid that has at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

  6. 3. Vitamins function as coenzymes; that is, they activate enzymes and help them function.

  7. 4. Dehydration causes the fluid volume of the body to decrease. Water moves from intercellular spaces to blood by osmosis. Eventually water is drawn from the cells. As water is drawn, the cytoplasm becomes more concentrated until the cell • can no longer function. Dehydration also impairs the body’s ability to regulate its temperature.

  8. 1. d • 2. a • 3. d • 4. c • 5. c

  9. 1. Essential amino acids are those amino acids that must be obtained from food. Nonessential amino acids can be produced by the body.

  10. 2. Simple sugars are important because they represent the final carbohydrate that must be formed before it can be used for energy production.

  11. 3. Water is important because it is a medium for chemical reactions, it constitutes 90% of blood volume, it is used in waste removal, and it helps regulate body temperature.

  12. 4. Nutrients are required for proper function and growth.

  13. 1. group a, the carbohydrates

  14. 2. group c, animal products. No, essential amino acids are also obtained from plant products and legumes.

  15. Section 48-2 • 1. The pharynx serves as a passageway for air to the trachea and food to the esophagus. The epiglottis is a flap that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.

  16. 2. An ulcer can develop when the mucous coating of the stomach breaks down, allowing the enzymes contained in gastric fluid to eat • through the stomach lining.

  17. 3. Peristalsis moves digested material into the colon.

  18. 4. The pyloric sphincter, a circular muscle between the stomach and small intestine, regulates the flow • of chyme, digested material formed by the stomach,from the stomach to the small intestine.

  19. 5. The gastrointestinal tract includes the small intestine, which is lined with numerous villi where absorption of nutrients occurs.

  20. 1. b • 2. d • 3. b • 4. c • 5. c

  21. 1. Mucus protects the stomach’s inner lining from digestive secretions. • 2. Pepsin, an enzyme, catalyzes the breakdown of proteins to peptides.

  22. 3. The pancreas secretes pancreatic fluid into the small intestine. Pancreatic fluid neutralizes stomach acid and has enzymes that hydrolyze disaccharides into monosaccharides, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins into amino acids.

  23. 4. The richest supply of blood capillaries should be in the walls of the small intestine, specifically the • ileum and jejunum. These are the areas where the absorption of the digested nutrients occurs

  24. 1. a, esophagus; • b, liver; • c, colon; • d, rectum; • e, mouth; • f, stomach; • g, small intestine

  25. 2. The liver stores glycogen, breaks down toxic substances, and secretes bile, which digests fats.

  26. 3. Absorption takes place in the small intestine,where villi and microvilli greatly increase the surface area.

  27. Section 48-3VOCABULARY REVIEW • 1. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney where urine is produced.

  28. 2. The urethra is the tube through which urine passes from the urinary bladder out of the body.

  29. 3. The renal medulla is the inner two-thirds of the kidney.

  30. 4. Excretion is the process of removing metabolic wastes from the body. Students may also include that during excretion, the metabolic wastes past through a membrane to leave the body.

  31. 5. Urea is a nitrogenous waste that is produced from ammonia by the liver and then is removed by the kidneys.

  32. 1. d • 2. c • 3. c • 4. b • 5. d

  33. 1. Filtration is the initial step in urine formation. This is when small compounds, including nitrogenous • waste products, are separated from the blood and transferred to the nephron.

  34. 2. Kidneys assist in the maintenance of fluid volume,blood pH, and the chemical composition of fluids.

  35. 3. The entire renal cortex and medulla are composedof nephrons. Nephrons are considered the functional units of the kidney because they perform all of the processes required for urine • production.

  36. 4. Ammonia is the first step in the production of urea, which is excreted by kidneys.

  37. 1. a, proximal convoluted tubule; • b, loop of Henle; • c, Bowman’s capsule; • d, glomerulus; • e, distal • convoluted tubule; • f, collecting duct

  38. 2. The filtrate is collected in the Bowman’s capsule. • 3. filtrate volume reabsorbed urine produced; 100 mL filtrate 99 mL reabsorbed 1 mL urine produced; 1500 mL urine/day 100 mL filtrate/1 mL urine 150,000 mL filtrate/day

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