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NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Anna L. Kiss Department Anatomy , Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University Budapest 2018. AUTOCRINE. ENDOCRINE (hormones). PARACRINE. NEUROENDOCRINE (neurohormone). MECHANISM OF SIGNAL TRANSMISSION. neuron.

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NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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  1. NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM Anna L. Kiss DepartmentAnatomy, Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University Budapest 2018

  2. AUTOCRINE ENDOCRINE (hormones) PARACRINE NEUROENDOCRINE (neurohormone) MECHANISM OF SIGNAL TRANSMISSION neuron ACCORDING TO THE PLACE OF EFFECT OF SECRETION

  3. LOCALIZATION OF DIENCEPHALON CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE LOWER BRAIN STEM UPPER BRAIN STEM = DIENCEPHALON

  4. SUPRAOPTICO-PARAVENTRICULO-HYPOPHYSEAL MAGNOCELLULAR SYSTEM • 2 hypothalamicnuclei: • supraoptic • paraventricular III. ventricle (posterior pituitary)

  5. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS median eminence 1. PARS TUBERALIS 2. PARS INTERMEDIA (INTERMEDIATE LOBE) 3. PARS DISTALIS (ANTERIOR LOBE) median eminence pars tuberalis infundibular stem infundibular process pars intermedia pars distalis NEUROHYPOPHYSIS 4. MEDIAN EMINENCE 5. INFUNDIBULAR STEM 6. INFUNDIBULAR PROCESS

  6. FUNCTION OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES OXYTOCIN Contraction of uterinal smooth muscle (delivery) Contractionof the mammary smooth muscle (milk ejection) VASOPRESSIN (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) Vasoconstrictor, enhances the blood pressure Water absorption in the collective tubules of kidney

  7. pituitary stalk portal vessels posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) PORTAL CIRCULATION OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY Béla Halász, in: Handbook of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases

  8. RELEASING HORMONES LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) TRH (thyreotrop hormone-releasing hormone) CRH (corticotrop hormone-releasing hormone) GRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) INHIBITING HORMONES Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting hormone)

  9. HORMONES OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE Trop hormones: stimulatory the target organ is another endocrine gland LH (luteinizing hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) ACTH (adrenocorticotrop hormone) STH (somatotrop hormone) = GH (growth hormone) LTH (luteotrop hormone, prolactin) Interleukins, growth factors (folliculostellate cells)

  10. STH: growth hormon: - acts on all cells of the body - stimulates the liver to produce and secrete insulun-like growth factor - results in body growth In the abcense of GH during development

  11. Growth hormon, STH, somatotrop hormon overproduction GIGANTISM ACROMEGALY normal giant normal In adult

  12. 1. Pituitary-dependent endocrine organs Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Ovary or testis 2. Pituitary-independent endocrine organs Pineal body Parathyroid gland Islets of Langerhans Placenta Enteroendocrine cells CENTRAL ENDOCRINE ORGAN: PITUITARY GLAND PERIPHERAL ENDOCRINE ORGANS

  13. FEED-BACK MECHANISM ultrashort feedback (neural) hypophyseotroph neurons ultrashort feedback (humoral) anterior lobe short feedback troph hormones long feedback Béla Halász,in: Handbook of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases

  14. Thyroid gland LARYNX THYROID GLAND T

  15. HISTOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND colloid in follicles sinus hematoxylin-eosin staining thyroxin production immunostaining for calcitonin in C-cells (depresses the calcium level of the blood)

  16. absorption by endocytosis colloid follicular epithelium lysosome colloid (thyroglobulin) Thyroxin (T4) Triiodthyronin (T3) RER amino acids + iodine capillary MECHANISM OF THYROID HORMONE PRODUCTION SYNTHESIS iodine

  17. Thyroid hormon (thyroxin): increases the metabolic rate has morphogenic effect

  18. absence of thyroxin during fetal life overproduction of thyroxin in adult CRETENISM BASEDOW-DISEASE

  19. LOCALIZATION OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS

  20. capsule cortex medulla HISTOLOGY OF THE SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLANDS hematoxylin-eosin staining

  21. Zona reticularis Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata sexual steroids mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids hematoxylin-eosin staining ZONES OF THE CORTEX AND THEIR HORMONES

  22. FUNCTION OF ADRENAL HORMONES CORTEX MINERALOCORTICOIDS (aldosteron) water and salt balance GLUCOCORTICOIDS (cortisol, corticosterone) carbohydrate metabolism enhancing the level of blood glucose SEXUAL STEROIDS

  23. Pituitary-independentendocrineorgans Adrenal gland medulla: pituitary independent!!! EPINEPHRIN, NOREPINEPHRIN involved in defense reaction to stress works together with the sympathetic nervous system

  24. ADRENAL GLAND: MEDULLA • Sympato-adrenalsystem • Venoussinusoids:muscularwall • Chromaffincells: adrenalin, noradrenalin • Ganglioncells

  25. Adrenalmedulla

  26. Pituitary-independentendocrineorgans Pineal body Parathyroid gland Islets of Langerhans Placenta Enteroendocrine cells

  27. PANCREAS IN THE ABDOMEN

  28. Α (α) cells: glucagon: increases the blood sugar level B (ß) cells: insulin: decreases the blood sugar level blood sugar level

  29. LANGERHANS-ISLETS Prepared by György Sétáló Prepared by Mihály Petkó Insulin, glucagon, biologically active peptides

  30. LOCALIZATION OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS

  31. HISTOLOGY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS Chief cells Oxyphil cell Fat cell hematoxylin-eosin staining Chief cells produce parathormone (controls the concentration of calcium and phosphate ions of blood)

  32. Parat hormon: (parathyroid gland) • increases the blood Ca2+ level (increased reabsorbtion at the large intestine+remove Ca2+ from the bone) • decreases the blood phosphate level (prventing the phosphate reabsorbtion in the kidney) Calcitonin: (parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland) • decreases the blood Ca2+ level • Increases the blood phosphate level

  33. HISTOLOGY LOCALIZATION brain sand Pinealocytes hematoxylin-eosin staining PINEAL BODY LOCALIZATION AND HASTOLOGY Melatonin, serotonin

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