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High-efficiency Superconducting Detectors and Their Applications in Quantum Information Science

High-efficiency Superconducting Detectors and Their Applications in Quantum Information Science. Adriana E. Lita Faint Photonics Group ( Sae Woo Nam) & Quantum Nanophotonics Group (Rich Mirin) NIST Boulder, CO.

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High-efficiency Superconducting Detectors and Their Applications in Quantum Information Science

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  1. High-efficiency Superconducting Detectors and Their Applications in Quantum Information Science Adriana E. Lita Faint Photonics Group (Sae Woo Nam) & Quantum Nanophotonics Group (Rich Mirin) NIST Boulder, CO 18th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors (LTD-18), Milano 22-26 July 2019

  2. Quantum Information (QI) Applications • Quantum-enabled Metrology • Characterization of single photon sources and entangled photon pair sources • Quantum optical state measurements in the macroscopic regime • Quantum Optics • Fundamental tests of Quantum Mechanics (Loophole-Free Bell Test) • Quantum Computing (Quantum simulations) • Photonic quantum information processing • Neuromorphic computing (photons + superconducting detectors + reconfigurable waveguides) • Integration with other platforms (Ion-trap) • Quantum Communications • Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) LTD-18

  3. n=5 n=4 n=6 n=3 n=7 n=8 n=2 n=9 n=10 n=1 n=11 Superconducting Single Photon Detectors for QI Transition Edge Sensors (TESs) 25 mm • Sensitive in the UV to near-IR • Very High detection efficiency (> 95%) • No dark counts • Timing jitter < 5 ns • Photon-number resolving TES response 805 nm Pulse-height distribution 850nm W TES A.E. Lita et al., Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7681, 76810D ( 2010) LTD-18

  4. Superconducting Single Photon Detectors for QI Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) • Sensitive in the UV to mid-IR • Very High detection efficiency (> 95%) • Very low dark count rate • Timing jitter ~ 100 ps (3 ps record) • High count rates (~ 1GHz); arrays 15 μm WSix/MoSix KilopixelWSix array NIST-JPL LTD-18

  5. Self-alignment scheme < 1% coupling loss • Very High System Detection Efficiency (> 95%) A. J. Miller et al., Optics Express 19 (2011) LTD-18

  6. Characterization of entangled photon pair sources Fiber Spectrometer: SNSPD enabled 2 entangled squeezed photons LTD-18

  7. Characterization of entangled photon pair sources Fiber Spectrometer: SNSPD enabled • 2 long single mode fibers encode the photons frequency into time of arrival • The resolution (3-6 nm ) is determined by the ratio of the photon-arrival uncertainty and fiber dispersion fiber dispersion 2.3km Timing jitter 1.3km T. Gerrits et al., Phys. Rev. A 91, 013830 (2015) LTD-18

  8. Characterization of entangled photon pair sources Joint Spectral Probability Distribution Joint Spectral Intensity entangled two-mode squeezed state log scale Tool for studying the 2-photon interference and indistinguishability Photons in unwanted frequency modes T. Gerrits et al., Phys. Rev. A 91, 013830 (2015) LTD-18

  9. Fundamental tests of Quantum Mechanics (Loophole-Free Bell Test) LTD-18

  10. LTD-18

  11. Theory in which any system has preexisting values for all possible measurements of the system and no signal (physical influences) travels faster than the speed of light LTD-18

  12. LTD-18

  13. Perhaps quantum systems are controlled by variables , possible hidden from us, that determines the outcomes of measurements LTD-18

  14. In 1964 John Bell showed that the predictions of quantum mechanics are fundamentally incompatible with those of any theory satisfying Local Realism. Such an experiment is a Bell test. LTD-18

  15. Tests of Local Realism: Loophole-Free Bell Tests NIST TES detectors NIST SNSPD detectors Giustina et al. Phys. Rev. Lett 115, 250401 (2015) Shalm et al, Phys. Rev. Lett 115, 250402 (2015) LTD-18

  16. Tests of Local Realism: Loophole-Free Bell Tests The particles (photons) must not be able to send signals to one another so as to collude. Locality loophole Alice and Bob must be free to make measurement decisions independently Freedom of choice loophole Alice and Bob must detect more than 2/3 of the particles sent to them. Fair sampling (or detector) loophole LTD-18

  17. NIST Loophole-free Bell Test Source Alice ~75% system detection efficiency Source light cone RNG light cone Bob LTD-18

  18. NIST Loophole-free Bell Test Source Alice ~75% system detection efficiency L.K. Shalm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250402 (2015) • Well-optimized source of (polarization) entangled photons, rapid setting generation, and highly efficient superconducting detectors • We observe a violation of a Bell inequality with high statistical significance (p-value = 5.9 x 10-9 ) • Result confirms Local Realism is invalid and measurement outcomes could not have been predicted Source light cone RNG light cone • Additional source of real-time randomness for https://beacon.nist.gov/ Bob Bierhorst et al, Nature 556, 223 (2018) LTD-18

  19. WSix SNSPD detector’s characteristics • For Bell Experiment • High System Detection Efficiency (~ 92 % ) • High Speed and low timing jitter (~ 100 ps) • Low latency ( < 1 ns) • Background counts (~ 1 Kcounts/s) • affects the efficiency requirement: from 2/3 to 72.5% LTD-18

  20. Detector Optimization Quantum efficiency enhancement (towards 100 %) LTD-18

  21. Incoming Gaussian beam Detector Optimization Quantum efficiency enhancement (towards 100 %) Air SiO2 aSi Substrate Nanowire Layer (4 nm thick) (fill fraction ~ 0.6) LTD-18

  22. Detector Optimization Quantum efficiency enhancement (towards 100 %) Detecting single infrared photons with 98% system efficiency D.V. Reddy et al., FF1A.3 CLEO 2019 LTD-18

  23. Photonic Quantum Information Processing Continuous variables (CV) – Squeezed light Pu TES 1550 nm Slope 0.999 (coherent state calibration) 8 6 7 5 0 4 3 2 1 Slope 0.85 (photon number squeezing) On-chip Scalable Squeezed Light Source for CV Boson Sampling Measured photon number difference variance 1550 nm TES (> 95% QE) Measure 10-fold coincidences with 100s Hz rates V.D. Vaidya et al., arXiv:1904.07833 LTD-18

  24. Summary • SNSPDs and TESs enabled probing of fundamental physics from basic quantum interference to tests of fundamental quantum mechanics. • SNSPDs and TESs represent the detection building blocks of choice for almost any system of Photonic Quantum Information Processing

  25. Karl Berggren Ilya Charaev Marco Colangelo Q-Y. Zhao Andrew E. Dane Di Zhu Matthew D. Shaw Boris A. Korzh Emma E. Wollman Andrew Beyer Jason Allmaras Jan Phillip Hopker Tim Bartley Christine Silberhorn Sonia Buckley Jeff Chiles Thomas Gerrits Saeed Khan Adam McCaughan Mike Mazurek Richard P. Mirin Nima Nader Sae Woo Nam Dileep V. Reddy Jeff Shainline KristerShalm Martin Stevens Eric Stanton Alex Tait Varun Verma James C. Gates Paolo Mennea Peter G.R. Smith Matthew Collins Zachary Vernon LTD-18

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