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The Industrial Revolution and Its Technological Advances

Learn about the events leading up to the Industrial Revolution, why it began in England, and the significant technological advancements that revolutionized industries such as agriculture, textile production, and transportation. Discover how the Industrial Revolution spread to other parts of Europe and the United States.

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The Industrial Revolution and Its Technological Advances

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  1. Ch. 4.2 - The Industrial Revolution:-ca. 1750 – 1850: changes in technology in Western Europe & the United States -transition from agricultural and commercial society to an industrial society

  2. Events leading up to IR • Commercial Revolution (1500-1800) • Age of Exploration • Price Revolution • Capitalism • Scientific revolution • Population growth • Proto-Industrialization • Putting out system • Cottage industry • technology

  3. I. Ind. Rev. Began in Britain • Contributing Factors: • Agricultural revolution: increase in food supply meant more people could be fed at lower prices w/ less labor • Population growth (labor supply) as a result of more food supplies • Supply of capital to invest & entrepreneurs seeking profits; highly developed banking system • Rich in natural resources, including coal, iron ore, and natural water ways for both fuel and transportation • 1780s Henry Cort developed a way to produce higher-quality iron with a process called “puddling” resulting in massive growth of the iron industry • Government’s “laissez-faire” attitude towards econ. and social regulation; politically stable (wars fought on the continent) • Large Empire provided a market for goods & a source of raw materials

  4. Why did Industrialization begin in England?

  5. B. Agricultural Revolution 1. Enclosure movement: large, wealthy landowners bought up small farms on which they could experiment and apply the scientific approach to farming. 2. Methods such as crop rotation and selective breeding were employed by the scientific farmers. Year Sheep (lbs) Cattle (lbs) 1710 28 370 1795 80 800 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Jethro Tull was one of the first scientific farmers.

  6. C. Effects of the Agricultural Revolution • Population growth due to higher quality and quantity of food available • Increased population led to higher demand for food and goods • As farmers lost land to enclosures, they left rural villages and moved to the cities to work in factories

  7. D. Proto-Industrial Changes in Cotton Production: the Textile Industry From Cottage Industries Machine Work Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny 1764: • Industrialization began in textile industry; specifically the demand for cotton • One invention led to another as spinners and weavers tried to keep up with demand for cotton cloth: • Flying shuttle (1733) • Spinning Jenny (1764) • Water frame (1769) • Spinning mule (1779) Arkwright invented the Waterframe in 1769.

  8. The steam engine & coal • Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen developed steam pump to remove water from mines • JAMES WATT (1769) reconfigured and created more efficient steam engine • Most important technological invention that dramatically changed manufacturing and transportation • Development of heavy industry: manufacture of machinery and materials for industrial production • Henry Cort: 1780s – “puddling” refined iron for building and industrial grade wrought iron and steel

  9. While spinners and weavers created inventions to keep up with each other’s speed, the cotton growers were now falling behind 1793: while working on a GA plantation to pay off college debts, Whitney developed Cotton Gin in the hopes to apply for & receive a patent, and thus a handsome profit. Negative impact: increased demand for both land and slave labor due to the profitability of cotton growing Eli Whitney & The Cotton Gin

  10. E. The Transportation Revolution 1. In 1765 James Watt develops steam engine: 2. Steam was a cheap, convenient source of power. 3. Robert Fulton’sSteamboat (1807) provided fast, easy transportation of both raw materials and finished goods. 4. In 1804, the 1st steam-powered locomotive ran on an industrial rail line. “The Iron Horse” or “The Rocket”

  11. F. The Effect of the Railroads: • Spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport goods & raw materials • Created new jobs for RR workers, construction, and miners • Boosted agricultural and fishing industries • Increased travel both for pleasure and allowed people to take distant jobs

  12. Social Changes: Economic Changes

  13. Railways cut the cost of transporting goods How many horses would be needed to transport 40 tons by road? Economic Changes

  14. By 1850, Britain leads industrial growth • Crystal Palace, 1851 2/3 world’s coal ½ worlds iron > ½ world’s cotton cloth 1801-1850: GNP rose 350% Per capita income rose 100% International exhibit to showcase Britain’s industrial, economic, and military superiority

  15. Industrialization Spreads after 1815:Continental Europe & US

  16. British Monopoly on Industrialization • Up until 1825 it was illegal for engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers to leave England • Until 1843, export of textile machines and equipment illegal • Many emigrated illegally • Tariffs: used to protect domestic industry • France imposed tariffs on British goods • 1834: Zollverein – German tariff policy established free trade zone among member states and a uniform tariff on foreign goods German Zollverein, 1834–1919 Blue: Prussia in 1834 Grey: Areas included until 1866 Yellow: Austrian possessions outside the Zollverein Red: Borders of the 1828 German Confederation (wikipedia)

  17. Due to the Napoleonic Wars & the French Rev. (1789 – 1815), G.B. remained the “economic superpower” of the 19th C. • More trade • More iron & coal than the rest of the world combined • Produced more than 70% of Europe’s cotton cloth • After 1815, industrialization spreads to the continent

  18. Belgium: • Resources: coal, iron, waterways • Led by William Cockerill, secret plans for spinning machine (industrial espionage) • Germany: • Politically divided, but pockets of industrialization • Imported British equipment & engineers; sent children to G.B. to learn ind. management • Built RR to connect manufacturing cities • Econ. strength led to military development by the late 19th C., Germany was both an industrial and military powerhouse

  19. France: ind. after 1850, built RR • Spain: cotton production, ind. delayed by lack of transportation (roads & canals) • Austria-Hungary: geography (mountain range) blocked RR building

  20. E. Rise of Global Inequality • First nations to industrialize (Western Europe, the United States, Japan) became wealthy, powerful nations • Industrialization leads to Imperialism: • Widened gap b/w industrialized and non-industrialized countries • Required steady supply of raw materials • Exploitation of overseas colonies for Markets and Materials

  21. III. Social Impact of Industrialization: New Social Order Rise of the Middle Class “bourgeoisie” • Ind. Rev. created wealth for factory owners, shippers, merchants, bankers changing the social structure • Upper middle class did not become social equals of aristocrats until late 19th C. (gov. workers, doctors, lawyers, managers, entrepreneurs) • Lower middle class “petite bourgeoisie” had comfortable standard of living (factory overseers, skilled workers, drafters, printers) • Working poor “proletariat”: low standard of living • As machines replaced workers, created anger • Luddites: smashed machines, attacked factories, riots • Union Movement & government response

  22. Factory Life • New machines were large and expensive, so factories were built to house machines. • Initially built near power sources (water); later w/ the development of new sources of fuel, factories moved to urban centers • People migrated to cities to work in factories

  23. Urbanization • After 1800, change from rural to urban as people moved from country to find work in the cities in factories & mines • Most city pop. doubled, or even tripled Rapid, unplanned pop. growth leads to social problems: • No planning for housing, sanitation, ed., police protection, building codes • Lack of sanitation & overcrowding led to disease: • Cholera epidemics • Shorter life spans • Poor lived in filthy, one-room homes while upper middle class lived in suburban areas • Growing gap b/w rich and poor • Poorhouses (Poor Laws) • Irish Potato Famine (1845-46, 1848-51)

  24. Working Poor Typical Coal Miners: Women Worked in factories Child Laborers: Tenement Housing:

  25. Working Conditions • Average worker: 14 hr. day, 6 days/week • All members of family worked, but in separate jobs (change in family structure) • Dangerous conditions: • Machine injuries (no worker’s comp.!) • Coal dust inhaled (life spans 10 years shorter than other prof.) • Factories polluted air & water

  26. Child Labor • 6-7 year old children worked in factories & mines • Day began at 6a.m. until 7-8p.m. w/ ½ hour lunch, 1 hr. dinner • Beaten by factory overseer if fell asleep • Injured hands in spinning machines or inhaled cotton fluff into lungs

  27. Government Intervention & Regulation • 1819: 1st Factory Act passed by British gov. to restrict working age & hours • 1833: 2nd Factory Act passed by Parliament to further regulate child labor: • Illegal to hire under 9; 9-12: 8 hrs., 13-17: 12 hrs., by 1847: 10 hrs. Act • 1842: Mines Act • Regulate child labor in coal mines • Prevented women & children from working underground • 1847: Ten Hours Act

  28. Social effects of I.R. • Growing gap b/w the rich & poor • Demand for reforms: • Unionization of workers to bargain for better working conditions & higher wages or face a strike • Rise of Socialism • Government (public) ownership of resources would allow equal distribution of wealth Eugene Debs Karl Marx

  29. Changes in Science, Literature & Art • Scientific Progress after 1830 led to secularization (rejection of religious explanations): • Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory of disease • Charles Darwin theory of evolution & natural selection • Realism: • Charles Dickens wrote novels that showed the realities of daily life for the poor • Gustave Courbet painted common people doing common labor

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