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People Modelling

People Modelling. Damian Gordon. People in Design. Ergonomics is the study and activity of adapting the workplace environment to the specific needs of people (etymology: combination of work and economics ).

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People Modelling

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  1. People Modelling Damian Gordon

  2. People in Design • Ergonomics is the study and activity of adapting the workplace environment to the specific needs of people (etymology: combination of work and economics). • Anthropometrics is the measurement of the human body in terms of body size, strength, shape, and work capacity (etymology: combination of man and measurement).

  3. People in Design • In ergonomics, anthropometric data is used to design workspaces, safety equipment and personal protection tools considering the differences between the characteristics, abilities, and physical limits of any particular human body.

  4. People in Design • Anthropometrics has a long history, an interesting place to start is in Paris in 1882 when Alphonse Bertillon introduced the French police to a new way of distinguishing and identifying criminals based on a series of “man measurements”.

  5. Alphonse Bertillon • Born April 24, 1853 • Died February 13, 1914 • a French police officer • Biometrics pioneer • Created modern anthropometry • His other contributions include the mug shot and the systematisation of crime-scene photography

  6. People in Design

  7. People in Design

  8. Francis Galton • Born 16 February 1822 • Died 17 January 1911 • cousin of Charles Darwin, was an English Victorian polymath, anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, and statistician.

  9. People in Design

  10. People: Modelling

  11. People in Design • How do built environment practitioners represent people in design? • They use a range of approaches, many of the issues around people are embodied in legislation and regulation, but the is also a range of modelling approaches, one example would be the use of computers to do crowd modelling.

  12. People in Design

  13. People in Design • How do IT practitioners represent people in design? • They use Use Case diagrams, which use stickmen to represent each type of user, and oval shapes to represent all of the functions that the IT system needs to provide.

  14. People in Design • Let’s take an example of e-mail:

  15. Log in e-Mail Read new messages Reread old messages Delete messages Send new messages Create mailing list Users Log out

  16. Log in e-Mail Read new messages Reread old messages Delete messages Send new messages Create mailing list Users Administrator Log out

  17. Log in e-Mail Read new messages Reread old messages Delete messages Send new messages Create mailing list Users Administrator Log out

  18. Delete email account Log in e-Mail Create new email account Read new messages Reread old messages Delete messages Send new messages Create mailing list Users Administrator Log out

  19. People in Design • Now that we have reviewed the various elements in operation when we do even the simplest of tasks, let us look at them working in concert, through task analysis.

  20. People: Task Analysis

  21. People in Design • Now that we have reviewed the various elements in operation when we do even the simplest of tasks, let us look at them working in concert, through task analysis.

  22. People in Design • Task analysis is the process by which any task is reviewed and a detailed description of the elements of the activity is developed.

  23. People in Design • So the first thing we do is to define the task (e.g. emptying the bins), then we break down the task into a set of elements that has to be accomplished to achieve the task. • Then we look at each of those elements and see if we can break it down into further sub-elements and so on. • For some elements it will be possible to break them down into layers and layers of sub-elements, whereas for other elements they will be fully broken down to their most basic actions quickly.

  24. People in Design • This approach is very similar to: • Top-Down Design • Problem Decomposition • “divide-and-conquer”

  25. People in Design • The analysis will typically incorporate action from the three domains we have previously reviewed: • Sensory • Cognitive • Activity

  26. People in Design • Let’s consider a simple example, such as making a cup of tea. • We’ll do this in layers, so we start with Layer 0: • 0. Make a cup of tea.

  27. People in Design • So how do we break this down further? • We develop Layer 1.

  28. People in Design Layer 1. Make a cup of tea. 1. Organise everything together; 2. Plug in kettle; 3. Put teabag in cup; 4. Put water into kettle; 5. Add water to cup; 6. Remove teabag with spoon/fork;

  29. People in Design • Can we go further? Sure, we develop Layer 2 on each of the elements of Layer 1, so for example, element 3 “Put teabag in cup”.

  30. People in Design 3. Put teabag in cup; 3.1 REACH to teabox 3.2 OPEN teabox 3.3 GET single teabag; 3.4 MOVE arm to cup; 3.5 PUT teabag in cup;

  31. People in Design • And each of these steps can be further broken down into smaller actions. • We can represent this visually as follows:

  32. 0. Make a cup of tea 1. Organise everything 2. Plug in kettle 3. Put teabag in cup 4. Put water in kettle 5. Add water to cup 3.1. Reach to teabox 3.2. Open teabox 3.3. Get single teabag 3.4. Move arm to cup 3.5. Put teabag in cup

  33. People in Design • Timing: • Now can we put times beside each element of the task. • Let’s say Layer 0 “Make a cup of tea” takes 4-5 minutes. If we put timing beside each of the elements in Layer 1 and add them up, do they sum to 4-5 minutes?

  34. People in Design • We can also look at the actions from the perspective of the human, so which elements of the person that we have discussed already are involved in this task. I’ve provided tables in the following few slides to help consider this question...

  35. People in Design

  36. People in Design • Now consider how a mild impairment in each of the five senses impact this task. • Now consider how a major impairment in each of the five senses impact this task.

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  38. People in Design • Now consider how a mild impairment in each of the three cognitive elements impact this task. • Now consider how a major impairment in each of the three cognitive elements impact this task.

  39. People in Design

  40. People in Design • Now consider how a mild impairment in each of the three activity elements impact this task. • Now consider how a major impairment in each of the three activity elements impact this task.

  41. People in Design • Now you try a task analysis on one of the following: • Opening a door • Sending text message • Drinking a bottle of water

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