Warm-up: Tuesday

1. Warm-up: Tuesday • Read the article and answer the following questions: 1. What is this article about? 2. What is an obstacle for urban farmers? 3. How can urban agriculture impact San Antonio?

2. The Von Thunen Model AP Human Geography

3. Review: What is a model? • Models are examples that help us better understand a major concept or idea. • Models are NOT exact and are flexible. • Models are NOT perfect. • Models might look different in reality than the do in theory.

4. Historical Background • Developed by Johann Heinrich von Thunen in the early 1800’s (19th century) • Based on the layout of Rostock, Germany • Noticed a pattern of 4 rings developed around the central city. • Each ring was a different type of agriculture. • Created before highways, railroads, factories, etc.

5. The Big Idea! • Farmers grow certain crops closer to the market (aka central city) while others are grown farther away. • Why? It’s all about the Benjamin$, baby! • Decision to grow certain crops in certain places is based on profit.

6. The Formula • Profit= Market Price – Production Costs • Production costs include cost of labor, equipment, and TRANSPORTATION! • Factor 1: The bulkier the product, the more it costs to transport. • Factor 2: The more perishable a product, the closer to the market it has to be. • Factor 3: The more land a product needs, the farther from the central city it should be (land closer to city is more expensive) • All of these must be considered when deciding what to grow where!

7. Bid-Rent Curve • As distance from city center increases, cost of land goes down.

8. What was his theory? • Concentric Rings of agricultural activity surround a city • Each ring is different type of ag. • Pattern is intensive to extensive

9. Center: Urban Center/Market • At the heart of the model is the city, where people live and work • Primarily where agricultural products are brought to be sold

10. 1: Market gardening and Dairy • Market gardening = fruits, vegetables, flowers • Why near city? • Perishable • Profitable/demand high $ • Can afford high rent

11. 2: Forest • Ring of trees provide building materials and firewood • Model produced before widespread use of coal • Heavy/hard/costly to transport • Located close for easy transportation

12. 3: Various Crops and Grains • Large scale farms that allow for grain production (extensive crops) • Grains much lighter and easier to transport

13. 4: Livestock Ranching • Large open areas where animals can freely roam • Extensive...need lots of land...land is cheaper • Perishable once slaughtered, but animals can transport themselves!

14. Beyond the rings… • Beyond the rings: Wilderness • Too far from city, too expensive to transport anything.

15. Pretty darn close!

17. Limitations of Von Thunen Model • Doesn’t take into account modern transportation technology: • Roads and railroads for easier transport • Refrigerated transport for perishable goods

18. But it’s still important … • Still relevant in less developed countries • Still applicable in the developed world because it emphasizes that land near the cities is more expensive

20. Land Survey Patterns in the U.S.

21. Metes-and-bounds survey – natural features used to demarcate irregular parcels of land

22. Long-long survey – divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

23. Township and range system (Rectangular survey ) – rectangular land division designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior • Rigid, grid-like pattern • Basic unit of 1 mile • Natural features not taken into consideration

24. Rural Settlements

25. Clustered (nucleated)

26. Dispersed

27. Linear

28. AP Question 2016 The township and range land survey system in the United States contributed to which of the following? (A) A dispersed rural settlement pattern (B) A clustered rural settlement pattern (C) A rural long-lot pattern (D) An urban agglomeration pattern (E) An urban daily system pattern