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Pre-Columbian

Pre-Columbian. Early Human Movement. Beringia Land Theory 10,000 – 23,000 expose dry land 3 movements of Nomadic peoples hunter gatherer societies 8,000 B.C. the gap closed human living in America’s Human populations expanded and contracted with following herds

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Pre-Columbian

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  1. Pre-Columbian

  2. Early Human Movement • Beringia Land Theory • 10,000 – 23,000 expose dry land • 3 movements of Nomadic peoples hunter gatherer societies • 8,000 B.C. the gap closed human living in America’s • Human populations expanded and contracted with following herds • Animals disappeared – humans adapted (farming) • Few domesticated animals • Division of labors • Men hunting; women planting • Culturally rich activities/deep religious ceremonies

  3. Sedentary Cultures • Agricultural Transformation • 4,000 B.C. Farming principle source of food (Sedentary) • Cultivated food that was traded often with other cultures (spread of various foods) • Slash and burn system of agriculture • Only the most complex societies expanded (empires) • Complex cultural societies • Larger population booms • Semi-sedentary – also thrived • Division of labor more pronounced • Winter smaller family units separated for survival mode • Very little wealth acquired in this society; why take more than wife can carry? • Created large trade networks of goods; as they traveled

  4. Early American Societies • 1400 Inca Empire emerges • Efficient terraces of agriculture • Used various temperate zones to grow food • Built large irrigation system – efficient and effective • 10 metric tons vs. modern system of 1-4 tons of food • Discovered freeze drying • Capital – Cuzco, high in mountains • Built a large empire that spread 2,000 miles • Network of roads – “pony express” system • Transfer decree and food at rapid rates • Store houses used for grain; to be distributed • 1500’s Inca rule 8-12 million people • No forum of writing; no record keeping • Developed the decimal system; to levy taxes

  5. Meso-American Societies • Olmecs, 1200 B.C. • For-runners of other Meso-American cultures • Small cultures; architects; highly religious culture • Creators of religious calendar with 52 year; that lasted 3,000 yrs • Mayan Culture • 24 Cities States 800 A.D., no central power, shared values united in cooperation • Maya’s--large irrigation systems; to support large populations (Tikal, 100,000 people) • Religion revolved around blood letting • Self-mutilation; Blood Sacrifices • Lots of arts; color murals, and hieroglyphic writing • 900 A.D. Toltec influence; fierce warriors, who conquered the Maya; decline of Maya

  6. Meso-American • Aztec • Rising Power in 1400s; fierce warriors who built their Empire on Lake Texcoco • Waged constant war; new comers to area • Tenochtitlan; 200,000 inhabitants; connected to land by cause ways • Highly evolved agriculture; Chinampas (Floating Gardens) • Ritualistic/Religious people; blood sacrifice; • Great Pyramid of the sun; sacrifice 14,000 people; 4 days • Unprecedented scale of blood worship; • Blood sacrifice created enemies; fought with Spanish against Aztec

  7. North America Mound Builders • 3000 B.C. - 1700 A.D. • Sedentary society before farming • Lush vegetation allowed them to sustain their society • Lush life style led to expansive trade through out the continent • Mounds revolved around burial beliefs/after life • Leaders were descendents of Sun God; families occasionally buried • Largest Mounds; Cahokia, 20,000 residents

  8. A New World • Crusades – 1096 - 1270 • Brought about change – • Weakened church authority • Weakened nobility • Stronger Monarchs; consolidation of power • Taste for Asia • New foods, Spices, Customs • Renaissance – looking to worldly pleasure • Emerging Society • Merchant class explodes; trade goods with Asian markets • Rise of Exploration; Prince Henry “The Navigator” • Rise of 4 European Nations (Spain, France, England, & Portugal) • Existed until 15th century

  9. Columbus • Christopher Columbus • Hatched grand scheme in 1480s to find a west ward path to Asia • 1492 Gains favor from Spain; • Charts one boat; two other boats were donated • Aug. 3, 1492 set sail for the West • First part of the voyage was easy; but after a few weeks; hit doldrums • Oct. 12, 1492 land was discovered • Encounters • Convinced he reached the West Indies – Asia; • Taino culture discovered; warm and gentle meeting – exchange of gifts • Sought riches of the Indies; • Set out on a 90 day cruise claiming everything in Spain’s name

  10. Columbus • The Nightmare • Columbus’s Follies • Seizes a dozen natives • Leaves 40 men behind; to retain relations • Columbus news widely accepted; • Immediately leaves to set sail for Caribbean; 1493 • 17 ships, 1200 men • Chaos – Soldiers running amok; • Rapping native women • Robbing Taino’s • Ill treatment of the people • Taino’s retaliate • 10 men killed, Columbus launches a full scale attack • Armed with Crossbows, gun, & dogs • Captures 500 Indians and sends them to slave market in Europe • 1504 Columbus dies; convinced he found the Western most part of Indies

  11. Columbian Exchange • Diffusion of Cultures and Plants/Animals • Native Exchange; Indians had flying squirrel, rattlesnakes, catfish, sloth's, toucans, etc… • European Exchange; Horses, Cattle, Alpacas, goats, sheep, pigs, etc… • Plant Life • Three staples of New World diet • Maize, Potato, & Bean • Peanuts, Squash, Peppers, Tomatoes, pumpkins, pineapple, papaya, avocados, cacao (Chocolate), • Old World: Corn became a huge staple product of Europe • Introduced; rice, wheat, barely, oats, wine grapes, melons, coffee, olives, & bananas.

  12. Columbian Exchange • Plants & Animals • Complimentary; new climates created vast amounts of food • New foods become staple animals grains = large • Changed Landscape • European animals devoured plants pushing native animals away • Affected Indian daily food sources • Exchange of Culture • Language: inter-use of words; wigwam, teepee, papoose,etc.. • Devices: Canoes, kayaks, ponchos, • Society – Change in society • Colonizers were mostly men; married Indian women; mixed societies • Population Explosions • Populations in Europe Doubled • More enriched food; healthier people; = more people

  13. Columbian Exchange • Disease • Unexpected illness’s • Measles, mumps, typhus, -- virgin soil • Disease spread rapidly • 90-95% populations decimated • Overall population declined from 1 million to 500 ½ a century • Change of Gov’t: • Mercantilism determines health of nation • Encourages more colonial building • Nations come into conflict

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