Pre-Columbian America

1. Pre-Columbian America

2. Cahokia

6. Pueblo Benito, Chaco Canyon New Mexico

7. Aztec Ruins

9. Human sacrifice

10. Aztec Idol

11. Avenida de los Muertos — Avenue of the Dead — Teotihuacán, Mexico

12. The interpretation of the art, iconography and symbolism at Teotihuacan has remained elusive, or, where proposed, often there are conflicting interpretations.

13. Cortes: Conquistador

15. An ancient Inca skull shows evidence of skull surgery known as trepanation. A new study finds that the procedure was performed rather commonly by the Inca, likely to treat injuries suffered during combat.

17. Peru, Inca trail, Machu Picchu

18. Inca Soldier

19. Going to fight Pizarro

21. Bartolome de las Casas

22. Encomienda –the system, instituted in 1503, under which a Spanish soldier or colonist was granted a tract of land or a village together with its Indian inhabitants In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. In theory, the receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith: in return they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products.[1] In practice, the difference between encomienda and slavery could be minimal.[1] Natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted.[1]

23. Black Legend • Black Legend, Spanish LeyendaNegra,  term indicating an unfavourable image of Spain and Spaniards, accusing them of cruelty and intolerance, formerly prevalent in the works of many non-Spanish, and especially Protestant, historians. Primarily associated with criticism of 16th-century Spain and the anti-Protestant policies of King Philip II (reigned 1556–98), the term was popularized by the Spanish historian JuliánJuderías in his book La LeyendaNegra (1914; “The Black Legend”). • The Black Legend remained particularly strong in the United States throughout the 19th century. It was kept alive by the Mexican War of 1846 and the subsequent need to deal with a Spanish-speaking but mixed-race population within its borders. The legend reached its peak during the Spanish-American War of 1898, when a new edition of Bartolomé de lasCasas’s book on the destruction of the West Indies was published.

24. Pueblo Revolt 1680 – Pueblo Indians led by Pope revolted against Spanish rule Revolt killed 400 Spanish Led to 12 year absence of Spanish and a return to traditional native customs