Decolonization

1. Decolonization After WW II victors lost almost all of their colonies

2. Latin America independence early 19th century • After WW II political movements focus on independence from U.S. economic domination

3. India and Pakistan • India secular republic led by Nehru inherited more industrial resources 90% Hindu • Muslim Pakistan religious dictatorship • Early 1970s Bangladesh leaves • Kashmir claimed by both source of wars and ongoing tension

5. Other Areas in Asia • Indonesia led by Sukarno • Ousted by coup in 1965 - 500,000 “Communists” killed • Burma (now Myanmar) and Philippines get independence in late 1940s

6. Aung San Suu Kyi - Democracy Advocate - Buddhist Monks protest Military Junta -07

7. E & SE Asia

8. Independence in Africa • France - Vietnam and Algeria (1962) • Sub Saharan Africa most granted independence except where there were powerful white minorities • Then it took armed struggle • South Africa, Rhodesia, Kenya, Angola & Mozambique • Ghana peaceful Kwame Nkrumah and Nigeria • Belgian Congo - Cold War confrontation - assassination of PM Patrice Lumumba - 1965

9. Congo’s 1st PM - Patrice Lumumba - CIA Victim • interview with then NSC’s R.Johnson released in 2000 revealed that President Eisenhower had said "something [to CIA chief Allen Dulles] to the effect that Lumumba should be eliminated"

10. Mugabe’s Corrupt Dictatorship =disaster for Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)

11. ‘65 Film Battle of Algiers (L) Imprisoned Leaders ‘56

13. Latin America • Chile’s copper, Cuba’s sugar, Colombia’s coffee, Guatemala’s bananas controlled by American corporations like United Fruit, ITT, Anaconda Copper • From 1930s on quest for economic nationalism grows

14. Chilean President Salvador Allende - assassinated in CIA sponsored coup 1973

15. Mexico • By 1938 political stability under corrupt rule of PRI • Yawning gap between rich & poor • A few thousand families benefit

16. Guatemala • Arbenz elected in ‘51 • United Fruit nation’s largest landowner • Arbenz attempts to transfer fallow land to poor peasants • United Fruit unhappy as is U.S. which fears ties to “communists” & expropriations • CIA intervenes 1954 • Guatemala doomed to decades of violence between government and guerilla’s - SEE El NORTE

17. Cuba • Leave this space for notes

20. Challenges of nation building • Comparatively few nations able to avoid coups, rewritten constitutions, regional wars, dictatorships • Absence of constitutional traditions • Overdependence on world demand for raw materials and on imported manufactured goods

21. Beyond Bipolar World • Independent nations had more local and regional concerns • Superpower arms race opened opportunities to expand industries & exports - play them off on each other

22. Non-aligned nations • Sukarno calls conference in 1955 includes China, Yugoslavia

23. Japan and China • 3 industries paved way for Japan’s emergence as economic superpower after 1975: electricity, steel and ship building • Japan outside Cold War • China & Soviets diverge after Stalin denounced in ‘56 • Great Leap Forward 1958 and Cultural Revolution 1966 disastrous however • Rift between SU & China allows anti Communist Nixon establish ties in 1971 and join UN on Security Council - goodbye Taiwan

24. Middle East • Egypt in ‘52, Jordan in ‘56, Egypt in ‘58 - all get independence - overshadowing this is • Israeli & Palestinian problem • Concentration of oil wealth - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq leads to OPEC and first huge spike in prices 1974

25. Sukarno

26. Fidel and Che

27. Arbenz

28. Kwame Nkrumah