The Industrial Age

1. CHAPTER The Industrial Age 14 Overview Time Lines 1 The Expansion of Industry SECTION 2 The Age of the Railroads SECTION 3 Big Business Emerges SECTION 4 Workers of the Nation Unite SECTION Chapter Assessment Transparencies

2. THEMES IN CHAPTER 14 Science and Technology The American Dream Women in America CHAPTER The Industrial Age 14 HOME “The militant, not the meek, shall inherit the earth.” Mary Harris “Mother” Jones, labor activist

3. What do you know? • What images does the phrase “The Industrial Revolution” bring to mind? Who do you think might be the key players in this chapter? Read the quote above and answer the following: • How would you paraphrase the quotation from “Mother” Jones? CHAPTER The Industrial Age 14 HOME “The militant, not the meek, shall inherit the earth.” Mary Harris “Mother” Jones, labor activist

4. 1876Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. 1877“Mother” Jones supports the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.Munn v. Illinois establishes government regulation of railroads. 1879Thomas A. Edison invents the light bulb. 1886Haymarket riot turns public sentiment against unions. 1887Interstate Commerce Act is passed. 1890Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act. 1894President Cleveland sends federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strike. CHAPTER Time Line 14 HOME The United States

5. Learn About new technological processes and inventions. To Understand the developments that fueled industrialization. SECTION 1 The Expansion of Industry HOME

6. SECTION 1 The Expansion of Industry HOME KEY IDEA Key Idea Industry booms as natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fuel technological development.

7. Natural Resources Fuel Industrialization • 3 Main Factors allowed the U.S. to become the leading industrial power in the world by the 1920’s • 1. Wealth of Natural Resources • 2. Government Support for Business • 3. Growing Urban Population that provided a cheap labor and markets for new products

8. Black Gold & Iron • Edwin Drake: 1859 successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil • Bessemer process: a cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed in 1850 • Steel: Produces a lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant metal by removing the carbon from iron • Chart on Page 437 • Railroads: biggest consumer for steel • Inventors: Glidden’s barbed wire, Deer’s farm machines • Construction: Skyscrapers, Bridges, etc…

9. Inventions Promote Change • Thomas Edison: invented the light bulb • Harnessing electricity changed the nature of business in America • Electric power ran numerous machines • Electricity become available in homes thus spurring inventions of time-saving appliances • Electric streetcars made urban travel cheap and efficient promoting the outward spread of cities

10. Inventions Change Lifestyles • Christopher Sholes: invented the typewriter 1867 • Changed the world of work • Alexander Graham Bell: invented the telephone • Opened up jobs for women • The country’s expanded urban population provided a vast market for new inventions and products of the late 1800’s

11. Technological Breakthrough Impact oil drill Bessemer steel process barbed wire and farm machines light bulb telephone SECTION 1 The Expansion of Industry HOME 1 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the technological breakthroughs of the late 1800s and their impact on society? initiated oil boom made steel production cheaper and more efficient increased farmers’ output made artificial light widely available revolutionized communications

12. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Do you think that consumers gained power as industry expanded in the late 19th century? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT • how consumers can influence manufacturers • efforts 19th-century businesses made to win customers SECTION 1 The Expansion of Industry HOME 1 Section Assessment

13. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS Which invention or development described in this section had the greatest impact on society? THINK ABOUT • the applications of inventions • the impact of inventions on people’s daily lives • the effect of inventions on the workplace SECTION 1 The Expansion of Industry HOME 1 Section Assessment

14. Learn About the growth and consolidation of the railroads. To Understand their influence on the expansion of industry. SECTION 2 The Age of the Railroads HOME

15. SECTION 2 The Age of the Railroads HOME Key Idea The growth and consolidation of the railroads benefit the nation but lead to corruption and regulation.

16. The Age of the Railroads • Transcontinental Railroad: Central Pacific and Union Pacific met at Promontory, Utah • Other transcontinental railroads followed along with many regional lines • Romance and Reality • Railroads brought to reality the dreams of land, adventure, and a fresh start • Professor C. F. Dowd: proposed that the earth’s surface be divided into 24 time zones • Railroad companies endorsed Dowd’s plan • Nov. 18, 1883 modern time is born • 1884 an international conference set worldwide time zones

17. Pullman and the Credit Mobilier • George Pullman: built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars • Created a town, called it Pullman, were he provided for his workers but controlled their lives. • Credit Mobilier: a construction company created by stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad • The stockholders gave the company a contract to lay track at two to three times the actual cost and pocketed the profits…then they donated shares of stock to about 20 representatives in Congress

18. The Grange and the Railroads • Grange: a farmers’ organization that demanded governmental control over the railroad industry • Railroad abuses • Misuse of land grants • Fix prices • Charging different customers different rates depending on competition in the area • Grangers start to get local and state politicians elected to pass laws • Munn v. Illinois: Supreme Court upheld Granger laws thus giving states the right to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers • Interstate Commerce Act: reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities

19. Panic and Consolidation • Corporate abuses, mismanagement, overbuilding, and competition pushed many railroads to the brink of bankruptcy • Railroads played a major role in an economic collapse known as the panic of 1893 • Large investment firms such as J.P. Morgan and Company reorganized the railroads • As the 20th century approached 7 powerful companies held control over 2/3rd’s of the nation’s railroad tracks

20. governmental regulation of private industry growth of towns and cities creation of nationwide market consolidation of railroads greed and corruption SECTION 2 The Age of the Railroads HOME 2 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were the effects of the rapid growth of railroads? Rapid Growth of Railroads

21. MAKING DECISIONS Do you think the government and private citizens could have done more to curb the corruption and power of the railroads? THINK ABOUT • the reasons that the railroads had power • the rights of railroad customers and workers • the scope of government regulations SECTION 2 The Age of the Railroads HOME 2 Section Assessment

22. SYNTHESIZING Do you agree with Herman Melville’s opinion of the railroads expressed in “Another Perspective”? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT • effects of the railroads on business and industry • effects of the railroads on daily life • aspects of life before the railroads SECTION 2 The Age of the Railroads HOME 2 Section Assessment

23. Learn About Social Darwinism and the rise of industry. To Understand the government’s attempt to regulate big business. SECTION 3 Big Business Emerges HOME

24. SECTION 3 Big Business Emerges HOME Key Idea The expansion of industry in the North results in the growth of big business and the development of a new social philosophy.

25. Carnegie’s Innovations • 1865 left his job with the Pennsylvania Railroad • 1873 Entered the Steel business • 1899 Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain • New Business Strategies • Vertical Integration: a process in which he bought out his suppliers in order to control the raw materials and transportation systems • Horizontal Integration: buying out competing steel producers • Chart on Page 448

26. Social Darwinism and Business • Social Darwinism: Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution • Survival of the fittest • Success and failure in business were governed by natural law and that no one had the right to intervene (not even government)

27. Fewer Control More • Monopoly: complete control over an industry’s production, wages, and prices • Holding company: a corporation that did nothing but buy out the stock of other companies • J.P. Morgan-bought Carnegie Steel and became the world’s largest business • John D. Rockefeller: Rockefeller made huge profits by paying his workers low wages and driving his competition out of business by selling his oil for less than it cost to produce it. Then, when he controlled the market he hiked prices far about original levels

28. Sherman Antitrust Act & Southern Economy • Sherman Antitrust Act: made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries • Economic factors limit industrialization in the South • South had a devastated economy after Civil War • Had no capital (money for investments) • Was at the mercy of northern railroad companies for transporting foods to markets

29. Labor Unions Merge • Business leaders merged so workers felt the need to do the same • Long hours, dangerous work conditions, low wages, child labor • Early Labor Organizing • National Labor Union: first large-scale national organization of laborers • Some local chapters did not admit African Americans which leads to the formation of the Colored National Labor Union • Knights of Labor

30. Union Movements Diverge • Craft Unionism: included skill workers from one or more trades • American Federation of Labor • President was Samuel Gompers • Collective Bargaining: negotiation between representatives of labor and management to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions • Industrial Unionism: All laborers-skilled and unskilled- in a specific industry • Eugene Debs: founded the American Railway Union

31. Socialism and the IWW • Socialism: an economic and political system based on government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth • Communism: extreme form • Karl Marx: German Philosopher who advocated Communism • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) • Lead by William “Big Bill” Haywood • Organized by a group of radical unionists and Socialists in Chicago • Members included miners, lumbers, and dock workers

32. Strikes Turn Violent • The Great Strike of 1877 • Maryland and Ohio railroad workers • After more than a week several state governors turned to President Hayes to intervene • The Haymarket Affair • 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest police brutality • Bomb was tossed into police • Police fired on the protesters/strikers • 7 police officers and several strikers died • After Haymarket the public starts to turn against the labor movement

33. Strikes Turn Violent • Homestead Strike • Carnegie Steel Company • Strikers held out for over 4 months but finally the union lost most of its public support and gave into the company • It would take 45 years for steelworkers to mobilize again • Pullman Company Strike • Laid off 3,000 of 5,800 employees, cut wages of the rest • Boycotts of Pullman trains • Strike turned violent and President Grover Cleveland sent in troops to end the riot

34. Women Organize • Mary Harris Jones: one of the most prominent organizers in the women’s labor movement • Child Labor Laws • March to President Roosevelt's home • Fire at Triangle Shirtwaist factory • Factory had only one fire escape and no sprinklers • Factory was full of cloth and oil • 146 women died

35. Management and Government Pressure Unions • Employers start to fear Unions • Management refused to recognize unions • Forbade union meetings, fired union members, forced new employees to sign “yellow tags” swearing that they would not join a union • Sherman Antitrust Act • Company would say that a strike, picket line, or boycott was hurting interstate trade and the state or federal government would issue an injunction against the labor action

36. SECTION 3 Big Business Emerges HOME 3 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING How would you compare the lives and beliefs of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller? • CARNEGIE • Born in Scotland • Steel magnate • Used vertical integration to expand • Gave away 90% of his wealth • ROCKEFELLER • Oil magnate • Formed trusts • Used ruthless tactics • Paid low wages • Kept most of his wealth • BOTH • Leaders of business • Extremely wealthy • Philanthropists

37. EVALUATING Do you agree or disagree with the principles of Social Darwinism? THINK ABOUT • why some people succeed and others don’t • the responsibility individuals have for each other in a society • the role of government in its citizens’ lives SECTION 3 Big Business Emerges HOME 33 Section Assessment

38. ANALYZING If you were a business consultant at the end of the 19th century, what advice would you offer the people of the South to help them boost their economy? THINK ABOUT • differences between the North and the South • the impact of industrialization on the North • why the South experienced slow economic development SECTION 3 Big Business Emerges HOME 3 Section Assessment

39. 14 Chapter Assessment HOME 1. How did the growth of the steel industry influence the development of other industries? 2. How did inventions and developments in the late 19th century change the way people worked? 3. How did railroads help unify the United States? 4. Why did people, particularly farmers, demand regulation of the railroads in the late 19th century? 5. Why were attempts at railroad regulation often unsuccessful?

40. 14 Chapter Assessment HOME 6. How did Horatio Alger’s stories reflect the doctrines of Social Darwinism? 7. Why were business leaders such as John D. Rockefeller called robber barons? 8. Why did the South industrialize more slowly than the North did? 9. Why did workers form unions in the late 19th century? 10. What factors limited the success of unions?