The United States of American

1. The United States of American A historic overview 1946-1960 The Cold war US Civil Rights Movement Yeji & Shuyao

2. Cold War (1947-1991) • The ideological conflict after World War Ⅱ = Communist nations vs. Democratic nations • political • Communist vs. Democratic • economical • Communist vs. Capitalism • USSR vs. NATO USSR : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics = Soviet Union + all eastern and central Europe NATO : The North Atlantic Treaty Organization = Western Europe + United States

3. The cause of Cold War • Ideological, economic and political differences between the Soviet Union and U.S. • The end of Cold War • after theSoviet Union collapsed in 1991. • Factors • Declined ideology of the Soviet Union • Failure of the Soviet Union’s economy • Results • The United States = the dominant military power • Russia = possessed most of the Soviet Union’s nuclear arsenal

4. Senator McCarthy • Joseph Raymond McCarthy (11.14.1908~5.3.2957) • An American politician • Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin • Claim • Hundreds of Communists had infiltrated the State Department and other federal agencies.

5. Anticommunist campaign • Investigating fraud and waste in the executive branch • Hunting for Communists • Attacking a number of politicians and other individuals inside and outside of government • Using charges of communism, communist sympathies, or disloyalty • McCarthyism • Describing the making of accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence.

6. Space Race • Mid-to-late twentieth century competition between USSR and USA(1957~1975) • For supremacy in outer space exploration • Beginning • The Soviet launch of the Sputnik1 artificial satellite (4. 10 1957) • Conclusion • The co-operative Apollo-Soyuz Test Project human spaceflight mission (7. 1975) = Symbolizing détente between the USA and USSR

7. Role • the ideological and technological rivalry between the two nation • Causing extraordinary increases in spending on education and research • Resulted in scientific advancement spin-off technologies • The birth of the environmental movement • The first time to see a full circular earth

8. Brown v. Board of Education • A landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court in 1954 • Role • Motivation Integration Civil rights movement

9. The plaintiffs • Oliver L. Brown and thirteen Topeka parents • On behalf of their twenty children • Parents and African American • Calling for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation

10. Approved by Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896 • Background • Race relation Race Segregation • Separate but equal treatment for both white and black • BUT! Inferior accommodations, services, and treatment for black Americans • Racial segregation in education was different on each states.

11. Root of the case • Brown’s daughter, Linda, a third grader • Segregated black school = six blocks to school bus stop, one mile away • Segregated white school = seven blocks to the school • The parents including Brown • Trial to enter their children in the closest neighborhood school • District Court • Ruled in favor of the Board of Education • Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 = The U.S. Supreme Court precedent set • Stood by a state law • ordering “separate but equal” • segregated facilities for • blacks and whites in railway cars

12. UNCONSTITUTIONAL • Conclusion of Supreme Court • State laws • establishing separate public schools for black and white students • denying black children equal educational opportunities • Social Outcome • Integration of the Topeka middle schools since 1941 • Integration of the Topeka elementary schools since 1953

13. Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas , 1957 After “Brown v. Board of Education ” • In 1957, nine African-American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School ,a all-white schoolby NAACP(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ) • Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus called out the National Guard to prevent them from entering school.

14. Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas , 1957 • The nine students were harassed by white protesters on first few days

15. Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas , 1957 • President Eisenhower warned the governor not to interfere with the Supreme Court's ruling. • The nine students had to be protected by U.S Army to school. Only one of the Little Rock Nine, Ernest Green, got the chance to graduate.

16. Rosa Parks • Rosa Louise McCauley Parks • (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) • an African American civil rights activist. • On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks, age 42, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger which was illegal according to Montgomery’s law.

17. Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 • Parks was arrested and her action sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott • Demand • oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system • Result • a heavy financial blow for the Montgomery public transit system.

18. Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 • On November 13, 1956, the United States Supreme Court declared racial segregation on buses operatingunconstitutional. • The boycott lasted for 381 days until the local ordinance segregating African-Americans and whites on public buses was lifted.

19. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Martin Luther King, Jr. • (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) • An American clergyman, activist • A prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement. • Claim • Ending racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other nonviolentmeans.

20. March on Washington,1963 • March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom • a large political rally in support of civil and economic rights for African-Americans • King delivered " I Have a Dream " speech which he called for racial equality and an end to discrimination .

21. King’s key Event • Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 • March on Washington,1963 • the Nobel Peace Prize,1964 • Opposition to the Vietnam War,1965 • Assassination on April 4, 1968, at the age of 39

22. Credits • o Senator McCarthy • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism • o Space Race • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race • o Brown v. Board of Education • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education • o Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas • http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=718 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine • o Rosa Parks • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks • o Martin Luther King, Jr. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.

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