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Systems Development

14-2. Motivation. If you are in business, you're going to be involved in _____ _____Building good software applications requires involvement by the END USER--the you, friendA PHILOSOPHY--TIWe will reuse before we will buy and we will buy before we will create using 3 or 4GL's. 14-3. Problems with

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Systems Development

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    1. 14-1 Systems Development

    2. 14-2 Motivation If you are in business, you’re going to be involved in _____ _____ Building good software applications requires involvement by the END USER--the you, friend A PHILOSOPHY--TI We will reuse before we will buy and we will buy before we will create using 3 or 4GL’s

    3. 14-3 Problems with software development It takes too long It costs too much It doesn’t deliver the required functionality Over 70% of SD projects fail!!!

    4. 14-4 Concept of Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Definition of SDLC Stages of SDLC Traditional versus modern SDLCs

    5. 14-5 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) An SDLC represents a set of general categories that show the major steps, over time, of an information systems development project.

    6. 14-6 An Eight-Stage SDLC Project initiation Feasibility study Logical analysis and design Acquisition and development Implementation Operation Post-audit evaluation Maintenance

    7. 14-7

    8. 14-8 What’s Missing here? Testing--up to 40% of the total development time your book has nothing to say about it at all--SHAME We should also note that roughly 80% of ISD budgets are spent on maintenance This includes fixing bugs Changing interfaces, structure Enhancements

    9. 14-9 Project Initiation Functional Manager Formal planning process IS organization

    10. 14-10 Feasibility Studies Technology Economics Organizational factors Legal, ethical, and other constraints But not the time-frame for development

    11. 14-11 Logical Analysis and Design Determine the system’s functions How will it accomplish those functions Logical design Physical design / technical design

    12. 14-12 Logical Design Generic IS functions: input, output, and storage Modeling tools: DFDs, ERDs Data Flow Diagrams Entity-Relation Diagrams User involvement

    13. 14-13 Implementation Parallel conversion Direct cut-over The most risky Pilot conversion May be implemented in a subset of locations Phased

    14. 14-14 Traditional versus Modern SDLC Minimal overhead Flexibility and responsiveness Concurrent tasks Focused analysis

    15. 14-15 Methods for Complex or Quickly Needed Systems Prototyping Rapid Application Development (RAD) Object-Oriented Development (OOD) End-User Development (EUD)

    16. 14-16 Prototyping The prototyping approach to systems development is, in many ways, the very opposite of an old-style SDLC. The focus of prototyping is to develop something quickly from the users’ initial set of requirements. Then refine and extend it based on the users’ requirements, which are identified by using the prototype.

    17. 14-17 More on Prototyping May use a 4GL to prototype Best when user requirements are not well-defined Helps developers get the user interface right Finalized code is then written in a 3GL--C, C++, etc. Also known as EVOLUTIONARY development

    18. 14-18 Rapid Application Development Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodologies and tools have capabilities to meet the demands of the new environment.

    19. 14-19 Components and Capabilities of RAD Uses a 4GL--Visual Basic, PowerBuilder, Delphi Uses a client-server architecture GUI development environment the ability to drag-and -drop components into an application Reusable components Code generator Programming language

    20. 14-20 Object-Oriented Development Encapsulation Inheritance Plug-and-play landscape Polymorphism--the ability to send the same message to several different receivers and have the message trigger the correct service

    21. 14-21 Object-Oriented Development Procedures (functions, subroutines) are called methods Generic objects are called classes Specific objects are called instances

    22. 14-22 Object-Oriented Development Benefits Reduces complexity of systems development Systems are quicker and easier to build and maintain Improves productivity Objects may be reused

    23. 14-23 Object-Oriented Development Benefits Systems are more flexible Allows analysis to think in real world terms Ideal for Web development

    24. 14-24 End-User Development Trends END-USERS ARE DOING MORE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Increasingly powerful desktop hardware Declining hardware costs Increasingly diverse software capabilities Increasingly computer-literate population Backlog of centralized IS projects (36 or more months)

    25. 14-25 More End-User Development (EUD) Trends Development speed Business orientation Small applications Control Apparent cost savings

    26. 14-26

    27. 14-27 EUD Problems Additional spending Hardware Software Training Support Neglecting other duties

    28. 14-28 More EUD Problems Limited managerial technical skills Documentation Security

    29. 14-29 EUD Solutions Auditing EUD programs Dividing computing responsibilities

    30. 14-30 Third Party Software Application software packages Outsourcing Enterprise software SAP, Computer Associates, Oracle,

    31. 14-31 Who is the largest software company? IBM? Microsoft? SAP? Oracle? Computer Associates? Novell? You will have to know for the exam

    32. 14-32 Internet Development Web pages are primarily coded in HTML Java scripts are used to produce the animation boxes

    33. 14-33 Development Tools Database creation tools 4GL’s CASE tools--broadest support for the SDLC (the systems development process) Computer-Aided Software Engineering (Sterling’s COOL GEN series) Object-oriented tools like FORTE, Optima Testing tools Documentation tools

    34. 14-34 Desirable outcomes and implementation issues Managerial considerations Acquiring New Systems--Outline

    35. 14-35 Desirable Outcomes and Implementation Issues On-time On-budget Full functionality User acceptance Favorable costs-to-benefits ratio

    36. 14-36 More Desirable Outcomes and Implementation Issues Low maintenance Scalability Integration with other systems Minimal negative cross impacts Reusability

    37. 14-37 Capability Maturity Model Developed by the SEI at Carnegie Mellon A way to assess the maturity of any software process, such as development Initial Repeatable Defined Managed Optimizing

    38. 14-38 Management Considerations Traditional SDLC methodology Prototyping Rapid Application Development (RAD) Object-Oriented Development (OOD) End-User Development (EUD) Purchasing or outsourcing

    39. 14-39 System Development Issues Internet and intranet applications JAVA CASE tools IS-9000 Project planning

    40. 14-40 Managerial Issues Importance Building inter-organizational and international information systems Ethical and legal issues User involvement Traditional approaches vs. prototyping

    41. 14-41 Managerial Issues Tool use by developers Quality assurance vs. schedules Behavior problems Perpetual development

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