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Respiratory system

Respiratory system. Premedical - Biology. Composition of atmosphere. ppmv: parts per million by volume. Neon (Ne) , Helium (He) , Methane (CH 4 ) , Krypton (Kr) , Hydrogen (H 2 ). the gases we exhale are same

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Respiratory system

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  1. Respiratory system Premedical - Biology

  2. Composition of atmosphere ppmv: parts per million by volume Neon (Ne), Helium (He), Methane (CH4), Krypton (Kr), Hydrogen (H2) the gases we exhale are same an increase (roughly 4% to 5%) in carbon dioxide and 5% to 10% less of oxygen than was inhaled

  3. Functions • Provides an extensive area for gas exchange between air & circulating blood • Produce sounds involved in speaking, singing or non-verbal communication • Assists in regulation of blood volume, blood pressure and the control of body pH

  4. Defend respiratory system and other tissues from invasion by pathogenic micro-organisms: most foreign particles and pathogens have been removed due to filtering, warming and humidification respiratory epithelium: • Pseudostratified e. of cuboidal cells with microvilli

  5. Thoracic cavity:respiratory system

  6. Pleura a two-layered, membrane structure the pleural cavity is the body cavity that surrounds the lungs The thin space between the two pleural layers normally contains a small amount of pleural fluid. The parietal pleurais outer layer and is attached to the chest wall. The visceral pleurais inner layer and covers the lungs and adjoining structures, viz. blood vessels, bronchi and nerves.

  7. Upper respiratory system • Nose – external and nostrils • Nasal cavity - receptors for smell • Paranasal sinuses • Pharynx – nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx • Epiglottisis elastic cartilagecovered with a mucus membrane • Lower respiratory system • Larynx - resonating chambers for voice • Trachea • Bronchi • Lungs

  8. Upper respiratory system

  9. Lower respiratory system

  10. Trachea C = hyaline cartilage M = tracheal mucosa M G Mucous and seromucous glands (G) are in the submucosa C

  11. Clear, mucous-secreting goblet cells can be seen interspersed in the epithelium. P- Pseudostratified e. of cuboidal cells with microvilli

  12. Mucus It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme), immunoglobulins, inorganic salts, proteins such as lactoferrin. A major function of this mucus is to protect against infectious agents such as fungi, bacteria and viruses. The average human body produces about a litre of mucus per day.

  13. Gas exchange

  14. Respiratory Cycle

  15. Respiratory Cycle

  16. Internal Respiration the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood or lymph and the body cells External Respiration carbon dioxide leaves the blood corpuscles they are "re-filled" with oxygen, because the concentration of oxygen is higher in the freshly inhaled air in the alveolus than in the incoming blood

  17. The exchange of gases • in systematic and pulmonary capillaries: • - O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood and from the blood to cells • CO2 from the blood into the alveoli and from the tissue to blood • - concentration gradient • (pressure)

  18. The maximum quantity of oxygen that will combine chemically with the hemoglobin in a unit volume of blood normally amounts to 1.34 ml of O2 per Hb or 20 ml of O2 per 100 ml of blood.

  19. Acid-base homeostasis the proper balance between acids and bases, in other words, the pH Bicarbonate buffering system Biphosfphoric buffering system Hemoglobin buffering system

  20. pH of the normal range (pH - 7,4 ±0,04) An excess of acid is called acidosis (pH less than 7.35) and an excess in bases is called alkalosis (pH greater than 7.45). The process that causes the imbalance is classified based on the etiology of the disturbance (respiratory or metabolic) and the direction of change in pH (acidosis or alkalosis).

  21. Regulation of Breathing Figure 10.13

  22. Carotid and aortic bodies: • sensitive to carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen levels • Conscious control: resides in higher brain centers; ability to modify breath is limited

  23. While exercising, the level of carbon dioxide in the blood increases due to increased cellular respiration by the muscles, which activates carotid and aortic bodies and the respiration center, which ultimately cause a higher rate of respiration. Duringrest, the level of carbon dioxide is lower, so breathing rate is lower. This ensures an appropriate amount of oxygen is delivered to the muscles and other organs.

  24. Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. Lung volumes are directly measured

  25. Getting the wind knocked out of you Is a commonly used idiom that mainly refers to a kind of diaphragm spasm that occurs when sudden force is applied to the abdomen It results in a temporary paralysis of the diaphragm that makes it difficult to breathe for a short period of time. It can also occur from a strong blow to the back.

  26. Thank you for your attention Campbell, Neil A., Reece, Jane B., Cain Michael L., Jackson, Robert B., Minorsky, Peter V., Biology, Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, 1996 –2010.

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