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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Infection Control. Definitions. Infection control Infectious disease Pathogens. Signs and Symptoms of Infections. Generalized or systemic Affecting whole body Localized Affecting one area of body. Question.

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 Infection Control

  2. Definitions • Infection control • Infectious disease • Pathogens

  3. Signs and Symptoms of Infections • Generalized or systemic • Affecting whole body • Localized • Affecting one area of body

  4. Question • Which of the following may be signs or symptoms of a localized infection? • Fever, headache, and increased pulse rate • Vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue • Red, swollen, draining wound

  5. Answer • C. Red, swollen, draining wound • Localized • Affecting one area of body • Signs and symptoms: • Red, swollen, and warm to touch area • Drainage • Pain

  6. Answer • C. Red, swollen, draining wound • Generalized or systemic infection may cause fever, headaches, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased pulse and respirations

  7. Microbiology • Microscope • Microbiology • Germ theory • Communicable or contagious disease • Contaminated • Normal flora (continued)

  8. Microbiology • Immune response • Antibiotic • Opportunistic infection • Aerobic • Anaerobic • Hosts (continued)

  9. Microbiology • Symbiosis • Neutralism • Parasitic • Parasite • Microbes

  10. Question • True or False: • Microorganisms that are aerobic require oxygen to live.

  11. Answer • True • Aerobic microorganisms • Require oxygen to live • Anaerobic microorganisms • Do not require oxygen to live

  12. Microbes • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Rickettsia • Protozoa

  13. Question • True or False: • Protozoa are the smallest of the microbes.

  14. Answer • False • Viruses • Smallest microbes

  15. Chain of Infection • Infectious agent • Reservoir host • Portal of exit • Route of transmission • Portal of entry • Susceptible host (continued)

  16. Chain of Infection

  17. Defense Mechanisms • Cilia • Cough and sneeze • Tears • Hydrochloric acid • Mucous membranes • Rise in body temperature • Increase in leukocytes

  18. Scope of the Problem • Nosocomial infection (HAI or health care- associated infection) • Industrial illness • Needlestick injuries • Handwashing • Most important procedure for preventing health care-acquired infections

  19. Handwashing for Patient Care

  20. Infection Control • Regulatory agencies • CDC • OSHA

  21. Question • True or False: • A patient is admitted to the hospital for an infected leg. This would be called a nosocomial infection.

  22. Answer • False • Nosocomial infection • Infection occurs while patient receiving health care

  23. Asepsis • Asepsis • Also known as aseptic technique • Medical asepsis • Clean technique • Surgical asepsis • Sterile technique

  24. Breaking the Chain of Infection • Breaking just one link stops infection • Six elements summarized • Source of infecting microorganism • Means of transmission • Susceptible host

  25. How to Break Chain • Decrease source of microorganisms • Wash hands • Decontaminate surfaces and equipment • Avoid contact when contagious • Prevent transmission of microorganisms • Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) • Follow isolation precautions (continued)

  26. How to Break Chain • Maximize resistance • Provide good hygiene • Ensure proper nutrition and fluid intake • Decrease stressors that weaken immune response

  27. Question • True or False: • The chain of infection must be kept intact to stop an infection from being transmitted.

  28. Answer • False • Breaking chain of infection prevents transmission

  29. Normal Flora • Transient flora • Resident flora • Standard precautions • Handwashing • Removes transient flora • Diminishes resident flora

  30. Standard Precautions • Follow at all times • Potential fluid sources of microbes: • Blood • Body fluids, secretions, and excretions • Except sweat • Nonintact skin (continued)

  31. Standard Precautions • Potential fluid sources of microbes: • Mucous membranes • Any identified body fluids • Handwashing • PPE • Patient-care equipment (continued)

  32. Standard Precautions • Environmental control • Linen • Needle handling and disposal

  33. Isolation • Transmission-based precautions • Airborne • Droplet • Contact • Neutropenic • Consequences to patient, staff, and visitors • Impact on facility

  34. Question • Which of the following activities is the most critical in preventing the spread of infections? • Wearing gloves • Wiping down surfaces • Handwashing

  35. Answer • C. Handwashing • Number one prevention tool: • Good handwashing

  36. Methods to Inhibit or Destroy Microbes • Bacteriostatic • Bactericidal or germicidal • Antiseptics • Disinfectants • Sterilization

  37. Surgical Asepsis • Also known as sterile technique • Eliminates presence of pathogens from objects and areas • Sterile field

  38. Risks • Blood-borne pathogens • Hepatitis B • HIV • Tuberculosis (TB) • Drug-resistant infections

  39. Question • Which of the following methods is bacteriostatic? • Sterilization • Using an antiseptic for cleaning • Using a disinfectant for cleaning

  40. Answer • B. Using an antiseptic for cleaning • Bacteriostatic • Methods that only inhibit growth of microorganisms • What antiseptic does • Bactericidals kill microorganisms • Include sterilization and disinfectants

  41. Hepatitis Virus • Hepatitis A • Hepatitis B • Hepatitis C • Hepatitis D • Hepatitis E

  42. Human Immunity Virus • HIV and AIDS • Carriers • Transmission • Symptoms • Treatment • Prevention

  43. TB • Airborne pathogen • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis • No prevention • Skin test give for detection • Latent TB infection and TB disease • Still problematic in U.S. • Drug-resistant strains developing

  44. Question • Which of the following patients would test positive with a TB screening test? • Latent TB infection • Active TB disease • Both latent TB infection and active TB disease

  45. Answer • C. Both latent TB infection and active TB disease • Both latent TB infection and active TB disease will test positive • But only someone with active TB disease can transmit it to others

  46. Other Infectious Organisms • Ebola virus • Bird flu • H5N1 avian influenza • Mad cow disease • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) • West Nile virus • Swine flu • H1N1 influenza

  47. Drug-Resistant Organisms • Developed from overuse of antibiotics • Developed from patients who do not complete antibiotic treatment (continued)

  48. Drug-Resistant Organisms • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) • Health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) • Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) • Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) • Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)

  49. Question • Which of the following diseases is transmitted by mosquitoes? • West Nile virus • Mad cow disease • H1N1

  50. Answer • A. West Nile virus • West Nile virus • Transmitted by mosquitoes • Mad cow disease • Presumably transmitted by eating infected meat • H1N1 • Primarily transmitted human-to-human

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