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Explore how Africa's climate zones, natural resources, and geographical features have shaped its development, including the nomadic lifestyle, early societies, and the Bantu migration. Discover the impact of geography on Africa's history, culture, and languages.
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54 countries 16 landlocked – 30% Huge Natural Resources
Pew Center Research August 2015 Ethiopia, one of the first countries in the world to adopt Christianity as state religion, is only 63% Christian and 34% Muslim. Nigeria is not only the largest country in Africa in terms of population (over 180 million) it’s also almost evenly divided between Muslims (50%) and Christians (48%). And finally, in case you’re wondering, that Christian enclave in Madagascar is centered on Antananarivo, the current capital and the base of French colonial rule in the past.
Africa’s Climate Zones: Desert Sahara South 40% Farming Largest: ___________ in the North and Kalahari in the __________________. Desert covers _______________% of Africa Dry – travel is difficult, __________________ is impossible
How did Geography affect Africa’s development? herders water Africa’s earliest people were nomads. What are nomads? Other early Africans learned to raise a variety of animals for food. These were called ____________________, and they drove their animals to find __________________ and good pastures.
Early Societies in Africa Family Extended clans ____________________ was very important Family unit often included grandparents, aunt, uncles, and cousins – known as __________________ family Families that shared common ancestors sometimes formed __________________
Local Religions Creator religion spirits animals Varied by region Usually included a belief in one __________________ Included elements of animism which was a ______________ in which ___________ play an important role in regulating daily life. Animists believe spirits are present in ________________, plants, and natural forces
Keeping a History languages griots Few African societies had written ________________ Storytellers called _________________ shared the history and literature of a culture.
Cool Down How did Africa’s geography impact its development?
Warm up: How did the beginning of agriculture (farming) change the way that Africans lived?
West African Iron Age iron People in Southern Africa were able to make _____________ as early as 500 BC. Why is the ability to make iron important?
The Nok Culture Nigeria hunting Africa’s earliest known culture Lived in what is now ___________________________ between 500 BC and AD 200. First West African people to make iron. Made tools for farming and weapons for _______________________.
Nok Sculpture “elongated” style Big eyes, nostrils, and lips Hand or chin on the knee Made of terra cotta, baked clay
Djenne-Djeno 50,000 pottery Cities began to develop between 600 BC and 200 BC. Djenne-Djeno had ____________________residents. Traded their rice, fish, and _________________for copper, gold, and salt. Became a bustling trade center.
Who were the Bantu? nomadic cattle banana Farmers and ________________ herders Ironworkers Farming techniques forced them to move every few years. Their farming techniques were called “slash-and-burn” agriculture. What is “slash-and-burn” agriculture? As they moved into the savannahs, they began to raise _________________. They eventually learned to cultivate new crops, like the ________________.
Why did the Bantu Migrate? savanna expanding Moved eastward into _____________________ - learned to cultivate crops Agriculture --> more food --> more people Overpopulation --> need to migrate Sahara was _____________to the south. Bantu people had to move southward, looking for locations with iron ore and hardwood forests.
Effects of Migration ideas technology unifying The lands the Bantu migrated to were not always unpopulated --> sometimes led to war Bantu peoples exchanged ________________ with the people they joined, creating unique cultures and traditions. Passed on _______________________. Spread the Bantu language, which helped have a _______________________ influence on the continent.
Cool Down: How did early African peoples adapt to their environment?
How does the coming of Islam impact Africa? 641 – _________conquer Egypt Growth of trade and commerce causes Islam to spread Arabs
Setting the Stage _____________________ developed an extensive trade network as early as the 3rd century AD. Other trade cities began to flourish on the east coast as well – why might that be?
East Coast Trade Cities Bantu fishing India Swahili Waves of __________________ people had migrated across central Africa to the east coast. They established farming and ______________ villages, which slowly grew into great seaports. Eastern cities traded with merchants from Arabia, Persia, and _____________________. Arabic blended with the Bantu language to form a new language: ______________________.
Portuguese Conquest 1488 India conquer two In _________________, the Portuguese rounded the southern tip of Africa looking for a sea route to ____________________. They saw the wealth of the East African city-states and decided to _____________________ them so they could control trade. The Portuguese took control of Kilwa and several other port cities and kept them there for ______________________ centuries.
Islamic Influences Islam mosque Muslims traditional Muslim traders brought _______________ to the African coast. Even the smallest towns had a _____________________. Most rulers and government officials were ______________________, but many common people kept their _____________________ religious beliefs.
Enslavement of Africans slaves kidnapped domestic soldiers 1,000 Muslim traders exported _____________________ from the coast. Africans were ___________________________ and sent to market to be sold to Arabia, Persia, Iraq, and India. Most slaves worked as _____________________ servants or as _________________. About _____________________ slaves were sold per year. That number greatly increased in the 1700s when Europeans began using African slaves on their colonial plantations.
Great Zimbabwe 1400s Cattle raising trade From the 1200s through the ___________________, Great Zimbabwe was the capital of a thriving state. The area was well-suited for farming and ________________, and it was located near an important ______________ route. It was the economic, political, and religious center of its empire.
Great Zimbabwe walls defense 36 15 10,000 Great Zimbabwe was surrounded by large ______________________. There was no way to climb to the top of the walls, so historians believe the walls were not meant for ____________________. The walls were _______________ feet high and _________________ feet thick. The population of Great Zimbabwe was around ______________________.
What happened to Great Zimbabwe? grasslands timber No one is quite sure why the settlement was abandoned. Some people think cattle had worn out the _______________________. Farming might have worn out the soil, and people had used up the available salt and ____________________. Because its natural resources were used up, the land could no longer support a large population.
Setting the Stage Ghana Mali Songhai • While the Almoravids (11th century) and Almohads (12 century) were building empires in Northern Africa, three powerful empires flourished in West Africa: • _____________________________________800-1000 AD • _____________________________________1235-1400 AD • _____________________________________1400-1500 AD
The Empire of Ghana 3rd camels Trade routes taxing In the ________________ century AD, African nomads revolutionized trade across the Sahara by using ______________________. This allowed new _______________________ to develop across West Africa. GHANA became an important trading power, growing rich by _________________ the goods traders passed through their territory.
The most important trade goods were gold and salt. 2/3 Gold came from a forest region south of the savanna. Until 1350, at least ___________ of the world’s gold supply came from West Africa. West Africa’s savanna and forests lacked salt.
Why is salt important? preserve flavor Savanna Helps __________________ food Helps __________________ food Necessary part of human diet Sahara had an abundance of salt, but _______________________ had none.
West African Trade exchanged taxing weighed bandits Arab traders from the north crossed the desert loaded down with salt. African traders brought gold north from the forest regions. Merchants met in trading cities, where they _____________goods. Officials in Ghana made money by ________________ trade. They also made sure all traders _______________ goods fairly, and provided protection from _______________.
