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Types of Symbiotic Relationships

Types of Symbiotic Relationships. Types of Symbiosis. Mutualism (+ +) Commensalism (+ 0) Amensalism (0 - ) Neutralism (0 0) Exploitation (+ -) Predation Herbivory Parasitism Competition (- -). Mutualism.

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Types of Symbiotic Relationships

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  1. Types of Symbiotic Relationships

  2. Types of Symbiosis • Mutualism (+ +) • Commensalism (+ 0) • Amensalism (0 - ) • Neutralism (0 0) • Exploitation (+ -) • Predation • Herbivory • Parasitism • Competition (- -)

  3. Mutualism The termite and its intestinal flagellate: Neither organism can survive without the other.

  4. Predation The Lion (Panthera leo)) kills and consumes the Buffalo.

  5. Mutualism Insect pollinators receive vital nutrients (in nectar and pollen itself) from their plant partners. The plant receives courier service: pollinators deliver pollen (male) directly to the female parts of the flower. Without pollinators, many insect-pollinated plants would go extinct due to lack of fertilization.

  6. Mutualism The Clown Fish and its Sea Anemone: Nemo gets a safe home that protects him from predators, and he fiercely protects his sea anemone from predators. He also feeds the anemone. How cute is that?

  7. Commensalism As large grazers move through the grass, they stir up insects. Cattle Egrets follow them and get a banquet. The large grazers are neither helped nor harmed by the presence of the birds.

  8. Amensalism The Black Walnut Tree (Juglans nigra) produces compounds in its roots that inhibit the growth of other trees and shrubs.

  9. Commensalism For example a small fish called the Pilot Fish follows underneath a shark and when the shark eats something the pilot fish eats the scrap pieces of the shark original kill.(Blue Planet BBC Documentary 2001).

  10. Commensalism (+ 0) The whale and barnacles are a perfect example of this. “Barnacles are crustaceans that have jointed legs and shells of connected overlapping plates. Instead of crawling after food, they glue themselves to rocks, ships, pilings, abalones, and maybe even whales and wait for food to wash by.” (Oracle, 2000). The barnacles attach themselves to the whale. This way, the barnacle can get food faster. This does not affect the whale so he does not take the barnacle off.

  11. Commensalism Another example is of a birds nest in a tree. The bird is benefitting because the tree is giving the bird shelter and the tree is not getting anything in return.

  12. Amensalism Penicillin, (Penicillium notatum) produces an antibiotic compound inhibits the growth of many species of bacteria (in this picture, it's Staphylococcus aureus) by interfering with the normal formation of peptidoglycan in the cell wall.

  13. Commensalism • The transparent shrimp benefits from a reef because it hides within it (camouflaging), but the coral is not affected.

  14. Predation The mosquito feeds on human blood, and, aside from the obvious injury, also has a chance of transferring diseases.

  15. Parasitism head lice feed on blood from the human's head.

  16. Commensalism Additionally the relationship between an infectious disease and its carrier, an animal such as a mosquito, could be classified as this because the mosquito is unaffected by the presence of the disease, but the mosquito transfers it to a host in which the disease can reproduce or spread more easily to others.

  17. Parasitism In Colorado, the pine bark beetle lays its eggs in the pine trees, and then when the babies are born, they eat the layers of the tree which stops the tree from growing.

  18. Mutualism Nitrogen fixation by bacteria in the root nodules of legumes.

  19. Neutralism A Bactrian Camel and a Longtailed Tadpole Shrimp, both living in the Gobi desert and have no impact on each other.

  20. In a case of true neutralism, two populations interact, but neither would have any effect on the evolutionary fitness of the other. Because all organisms in an ecosystem are interconnected in some way, true neutralism is not likely to occur, and would be very difficult to prove. The term is often used to describe interactions in which the effects of two populations on each other are simply negligible.

  21. Competition • The Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) is native to the southern United States. In the 1960's, The Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei) was introduced from Cuba. The two species vie for habitat and food resources,

  22. Competitive Exclusion/Niche Partitioning It appears that the exotic Brown Anole has displaced the native Green Anole in some physical spaces, such as lower shrubbery and grass. The Green Anole generally lives higher up in the trees and foliage than the Brown Anole does. This result of competition is known as _________________.

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