CST Terms 1950’s/Cold War – 1970’s

1. CST Terms 1950’s/Cold War – 1970’s

2. 1950’s • Suburbs/Conformity • GI Bill • Gov aid (loans, college education) for returning veterans • Allowed many to afford their first home and move up economically • Organization man • Businessman (grey suit, office, controlled by corporations) • White collar vs. blue collar • Businessmen outnumber factory workers • Feminine Mystique/ Betty Friedan (argument) • Women unhappy as housewives (begins women’s rights movement) • Role of Women • Housewife in 1950’s (step backwards)

3. Automobile • Status symbol (GM Chevy-young, Cadillac- CEO) • Interstate Highway Act • Freeways linking America (travel, move army and goods quickly) • McDonalds (created jobs/conformity-assembly line) • Franchise- similar setting and products sold everywhere • Non-Conformity • The Beats/Beatniks • Pre-hippies (rejecting The Organization Man), smoked pot, dropped out of society, fun over materialism • Teenagers (why reject society?) • See unhappy parents, after school jobs (independence), Rock n Roll (music about them)

4. Jonas Salk/Polio • Cured polio • Sputnik • 1st satellite in space (Russians), caused Americans to doubt their supremacy • National Education Act • $1bil. In ed. Loans to develop scientists and engineers • Bracero Program • Allowed Mexican guest workers

5. Cold War- Conflict b/t Communism(USSR) and Democracy(US) w no fighting, threat of nuclear war • Truman Doctrine • US would aid any country threatened by Communism • Turkey and Greece • 1st countries US protects from Communism • Containment • US will use force every time Communism tries to expand • TD and Cont. drag US into wars (Korea, Vietnam) • Role of the Presidency (expanded-explain) • Imperial Presidency- Pres. given extraordinary powers to combat Communism

6. Marshall Plan • US aid to Europe after WWII to prevent Communism • Berlin Airlift • US flew supplies for 1 year to prevent W. Berlin becoming Communist • Korean War • Cause • N. Korea (Com) invades S. Korea (Dem.) • Role of UN • Police Action- asks countries to help protect S. Korean sovereignty • Firing of MacArthur • Wanted to escalate war and attack China w. nuclear weapons • Result • DMZ- Cease fire- tie

7. NATO • Peacetime alliance bt US, Canada and Western Europe (US not isolationist anymore) • Iron Curtain/Warsaw Pact • Communist alliance b/t Russia and Eastern Europe • Cold War at Home • HUAC • Congressional Committee that investigated Communism within the US (went after Hollywood), being called in front of HUAC could destroy peoples lives based on suspicion • Hollywood 10/ Blacklisting • Writers and directors that refused to testify (give names) to HUAC, they were never allowed to work in Hollywood again

8. Rosenberg’s • Executed for selling US atomic secrets to Russia (could have been innocent) • McCarthyism • Sen Joseph McCarthy starts a witch hunt against Communism in the Gov. (no evidence, creates a Red Scare)

9. Civil Rights • Brown Vs. Board of Education • Desegregates schools (based on idea that segregation hurt children) • Thurgood Marshall • Attorney that argued for Brown (became 1st Af/AM Supreme Court Justice) • Plessy vs. Ferguson/Separate but equal • Legalized segregation in 1896 (overturned by Brown) • Montgomery Bus Boycott • 1 year Af/Am stop taking buses in Montgomery, Al. • Rosa Parks • Refused to give up seat (starts the boycott) • MLK • Organizes boycott, becomes a national figure

10. Little Rock 9 • 1st students to attend LR HS (crowds and Ark. National Guard surround school to keep the LR 9 out • Role of television • Americans are appalled that people would be so mean to students, demand Pres. Eisenhower do something to protect students • President Eisenhower’s response • Sends Army to protect students for the whole year • Sit Ins • Peaceful protest by SNCC, sitting at segregated lunch counters (easy to do, spreads)

11. Freedom Rider’s • CORE, ride buses in South to point out segregation in interstate travel • Kennedy Administration Response • Sends Marshalls to protect Riders (JFK 1st President to take an active role in Civil Rights) • Black Power • Blacks don’t need white help, Afro-Centric, black pride • Malcolm X • Separatism (blacks should stand up and fight back), Nation of Islam (separate black nation within US) (changes ideas and is killed) • Black Panthers • Black protection group w. guns (Cool) Huey Newton • Stokely Carmichael • Leader of SNCC, starts Black Power movement, assassinated

12. End of Civil Rights Movement • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Ends segregation in public places • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Allows blacks the ability to vote • Civil Rights Act of 1968 • Ends segregation in housing • Defacto vs. Dejure segregation • Defacto- segregation by law (made illegal) • Dejure- segregation by custom (still around, discrimination) • Affirmative Action • Giving preferences to minorities due to past discrimination • Bakke vs. UC Board of Regents • Said affirmative action is reverse discrimination

13. Geneva Convention- Split Vietnam into two countries • North V- (Ho Chi Minh) communist • Vietcong- SV Communist guerillas • South V (Ngo Diem Dinh) Am. supported dictator • Domino Theory- belief that if one country fell to Communism, all of SE Asia would become Communist • Gulf of Tonkin Incident- US ships attacked • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- Congress overwhelmingly gave Pres. Johnson power to wage war in Vietnam • Tet Offensive- Communist forces attack every US base in 1968 • Changes America’s attitude about Vietnam (not winniable) • Democratic Convention of 1968- Dem. nominate Humphries (no candidate against Vietnam for Pres., Rep. nominate Nixon) • Nixon wins and increases bombing of Vietnam • Kent State- antiwar protestors at a college are shot by national guard bc US has secretly invaded Cambodia (Who is the enemy? People start disbelieving the government)

14. Vietnamization • SV take over more responsibility in fighting while US begins to pull out of Vietnam • Counterculture • SDS • 20somethings against materialistic culture (conformity of 50’s)and increasing Gov. power (Vietnam) • Why did young people rebel • Vietnam • They were forced to fight • Organization Man • Did not want to be like their father (white collar, unhappy, bored)

15. The Feminine Mystique • Women did not want to be stuck as housewives • Civil Rights Movement • Learned to speak up and protest from blacks • How did young people rebel • Drugs • Expand the mind (Marijuana, LSD) • Sex (what allowed for a sexual revolution?) • The Pill- women could have sex and not have a baby

16. 1970’s • Nixon Presidency • Silent Majority • Older Americans who were against hippies/counterculture movement but not heard because they were too busy with responsibilities • Nixon goes to China (Importance?) • Nixon opens China to trade w. US again (Nixon was a Communist hater and hunter, had credibility to look like US was not giving in and joining with Communists)

17. Watergate • Failed burglary of Dem. HQers in 1972 election by The Plumbers • What crime did Nixon commit? • Nixon used his power as Pres. To cover up the burglary because he was connected to the burglary • Resignation • Nixon resigns before he is impeached bc of Watergate • Pentagon papers • Classified papers by Gov. saying the US never had a plan or knew how to win the Vietnam War (Am. Public sees it as more lying by Gov., Am. Want to move back to Laissez- Faire)

18. Court Cases • Marbury v Madison • Judicial Review- Supreme Court has final say on Constitutionality of laws • Plessy v Furguson • Separate but Equal- legalized segregation • Shenck v US • Limits freedom of speech if it is destructive (used to limit speech against WWII and Sedition Act) • Korematsu v US • Allowed Japanese internment • Brown v Board of Ed. • Ended segregation in schools, overturned Plessy • Bakke vs Board of Regents (UC) • Said Affirmative Action was reverse discrimination • Roe v Wade • Legalized abortion, women have a right to their body