PROTECTING URBAN INFRASTRUCTURES FROM NATURAL HAZARDS HAZARD-SAFE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE

1. PROTECTING URBAN INFRASTRUCTURES FROM NATURAL HAZARDSHAZARD-SAFE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE THE OBJECTIVE IS TO LEARN THE ART OF LIVING WITH HAZARDS Organized by Ministry of Urban Development and National Institute of Disaster Management NEW DELHI, INDIA, 9TH JUNE 2010 Dr. P K DAS Consultant UNDP

2. WE MUST KNOW THE TYPES AND INTENSITIES OF HAZARDS OF OUR PLACE OF LIVING • HAZARD VULNERABILITY DISASTERS • URBAN AREAS ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISASTERS • DUE TO THECONCENTRATION OF POPULATION • DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT DUE CONSIDERATION TO HAZARDS • NON COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODES • INADEQUATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS • GENERAL LACK OF AWARENESS, PEOPLE NEED TO BE INFORMED CLIENTS WHILE BUYING APARTMENTS OR HOUSES • AND ….. • STRONG POLITICAL WILL

3. PREMISE OF THIS SESSION HAZARD ` “MINIMIZE VULNERABILITY” CAPACITY + AWARENESS INFRA STRUCTURE Commitment to Hyogo Framework Out of many issues- the three most important ones have been adopted in this session

4. Implementation LIFE CYCLE OF A BUILDING Planning, design & implementation MAINTAIN for at least 50 years Replace /revitalise Backward linkage- scope for community involvement and employment generation in new construction Forward linkage- continuous scope for community involvement, upgrade facilities, prolong building life, improved skills, maintain high quality learning environment and employment generation

5. FOR SUSTAINABILITY MAKE SURE THAT THE DEVELOPED INFRASTRUCTURE LIVES UPTO THE DESIGNED LIFE SPAN Implementation LIFE CYCLE OF A BUILDING Collapse due to poor quality/ and non-compliance with the disaster-safety features Planning, design & implementation MAINTAIN for at least 50 years Replace /revitalise Backward linkage- scope for community involvement and employment generation in new construction Forward linkage- continuous scope for community involvement, upgrade facilities, prolong building life, improved skills, maintain high quality learning environment and employment generation

6. IN URBAN AREAS WE NEED TO HAVE PREPAREDNESS FOR DISASTER-SAFETY IN: • New Construction • Retrofitting of existing buildings • Temporary or intermediate construction in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. • Repairs, rehabilitation, reconstruction and retrofitting for damaged buildings.

7. WE BEGIN WITH HAZARDS FIRST HAZARD ` Vulnerability • The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damage due to a hazard. • Examples may include poor design and construction of buildings, “MINIMIZE VULNERABILITY” CAPACITY + AWARENESS INFRA STRUCTURE Hazard A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Hazards arise from a variety of geological, meteorological, hydrological, oceanic, biological, and technological sources, .

8. LETS REITERATE THE QUESTIONDO WE KNOW THE HAZARD SITUATION OF THE PLACE WHERE WE ARE LIVING?

9. MYANMAR

10. Max flood depth > 3m Max flood depth 0.4 m Max flood depth 3m Max flood depth 1.8 m Max flood depth 0.9 m DISTRIBUTION OF FLOOD AFFECTED AREAS OF BANGLADESH

11. Cost of Response: Super cyclone SIDR, Bangladesh, 15thNovember, 2007 about 850 USD per affected child in the 12 SIDR damaged districts of Bangladesh- AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT CAN HAPPEN WITH INADEQUATE PREPAREDNESS

12. MHZ 1a highest seismic zone flood prone Z=0.25 MHZ 1b Highest seismic zone Z= 0.25 MHZ 2a Cyclone high risk area, surge height > 1m, seismic zone II Z= 0.075 MHZ 2b Cyclone risk are , surge height < 1m, seismic zone II Z= 0.075 MHZ 2c high wind area. No surge, seismic zone II Z= 0.075 MHZ 2d seismic zone II Z= 0.075 Flood area MHZ 2e Seismic zone II Z= 0.075 MHZ 3a Cyclone high risk area surge height > 1m, seismic zone II Z= 0.15 MHZ 3b high wind area. No surge, seismic zone II Z= 0.15 MHZ 3c seismic zone II Z= 0.15 Flood area MHZ 3d Seismic zone II Z= 0.15 BNBC 1993:6-53 MHZ 3d MHZ 1a & 1b MHZ 3d MHZ 3c MHZ 2e MHZ 1b MHZ 2d MHZ 3b MHZ 3a MHZ 2c MHZ 2b MHZ 2a Multi hazard map Bangladesh

13. MULTI-HAZARD MAP: EXAMPLE ORISSA SOURCE:UNDP, NEW DELHI

14. MULTI-HAZARDS: IN MALDIVES LHAVYANI Hinnavaru RAA Ungufaru LAAMU Gan GAAF DALU Thinnadhoo

15. OCCURRENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED HAZARDS : MALDIVES • PVA OUTPUT

16. INFRASTRUCTURE RELATED VULNERABILITIES: MALDIVES: UNISDR, 2008 86% school children live in high and very high infrastructure vulnerability

17. SUMMARY: HAZARDS HAZARD ` • Invest on knowing hazards at local level • Develop multi hazard map/ Micro Zoning • Make an audit of population concentration in different hazard zones • Land use plan according to the hazards • Transform the MH map to a decision making format • Make this accessible to the people • Use mass media for campaign “MINIMIZE VULNERABILITY” CAPACITY + AWARENESS INFRA STRUCTURE

18. LET US NOW LOOK AT THE ISSUE OF INFRASTRUCTURE HAZARD • Infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, • This refers to roads, water supply, sewers, power grids, telecommunications, • In some contexts, it may also include basic social services such as schools and hospitals. ` “MINIMIZE VULNERABILITY” CAPACITY + AWARENESS INFRA STRUCTURE

19. TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTURE • UNDERGROUND • Water distribution • Sewerage network • Metro rail • SURFACE • Roads • SUPERSTRUCTURE • School • Hospital • OH water tank • Electrical power station • Communication tower • Heritage buildings

20. Vulnerability of infrastructure depends upon • BUILDING TYPE • SOIL TYPE • LEVEL OF CONGESTION OF STRUCTURES • ACCESS ROAD WIDTH • DEGREE OF MAINTENANCE AND AGE • POPULATION DENSITY • TIME • AND ……….

21. INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY TAKE PLACE • Town/city level • Perspective plan • Land-use plan • Neighbourhood level • Road width FAR/FSI • Layout • Building level • Bye laws • Building approval process • Maintain an ASSET REGISTER and continuous monitoring of physical conditions of the existing infrastructure • Additions and alterations restrictions EXAMINE THEM IN THE LIGHT OF THE LATEST CODES FOR SAFETY OF INFRASTRUCTURE- THEY HAVE CHANGED CONSIDERABLY OVER THE YEARS

22. ZONING OF ANJAR ACCORDING TO SBC AND GEOLOGICAL STRATAREDEVELOPMENT PLAN 2001-2002

23. RETROFITTING • RETROFITTING IS UPGRADING THE EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE TO MEET THE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS OF THE LATEST CODES

24. RETROFITTING NEED CAN BE DUE TO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING REASONS • Infrastructure not designed as per the codes • Upgrading of codes • Upgrading of seismic zone • Deterioration of strength on aging of the structure • Modification of the existing structures affecting its strength adversely • Change in the use of the building

25. RETROFITTING IS LIKE AN INDIAN SADHU RETROFITTING

26. February 27th 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake NON STRUCTURAL MITIGATION Broken copper water pipe for hot water Many suspended air handling units fell down well anchored equipment performed well: Santiago Hospital shutdown primarily due to nonstructural damage

27. SUMMARY: INFRASTRUCTURE HAZARD ` • Make sure that the design and construction comply with BIS codes • Promote the culture of periodic maintenance • Mechanism for examining safety of existing buildings- computerized asset register • Monitor additions and alterations and change of use • Retrofitting requirements • Non structural mitigation • And …… “MINIMIZE VULNERABILITY” CAPACITY + AWARENESS INFRA STRUCTURE

28. CAPACITY AND AWARENESS • CAPACITY • Architecture and engineering colleges • Government and municipal engineers architects • Professional architects and engineers • Construction workers • Supervisors • contractors HAZARD ` “MINIMIZE VULNERABILITY” CAPACITY + AWARENESS INFRA STRUCTURE • AWARENESS • General people through mass media • Administrators • And…

29. SUMMARY: AWARENESS AND CAPACITY BUILDING HAZARD ` • For Zone IV and V architects and engineers should have certificate of special training • Encourage trained construction workers of different trades- incentives for the contractors who employ such people • Contractors to have certificates to practice in Zone IV and V for important buildings • People are informed clients • Information Cell for general public on hazard safety especially non-structural mitigation • Special capacity on retrofitting requirements for the Municipal Engineers • And ….. “MINIMIZE VULNERABILITY” CAPACITY + AWARENESS INFRA STRUCTURE

30. SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION The summaries of observations • WHAT IS AVAILABLE • WHERE ARE THE GAPS • EXPLORE GOOD EXAMPLES • ESTIMATE COST • PRIORITIZE AND PREPARE A TIME BOUND ACTION PLAN • MONITORING & EVALUATION SYSTEM IN PLACE • REDRESS PERIODICALLY • A TASK FORCE +INTERFACE WITH UNIVERSITIES HAZARDS THE WORKSHOP HAZARD-SAFE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE REDUCE VULNERABILITY INFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITY & AWARENESS Hyogo Framework: Integrated With Development Planning

31. WE CAN ACHIEVE THE ART OF LIVING WITH HAZARDS BY BEING PROACTIVE - KNOW YOUR HAZARDS - SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE - ENHANCE CAPACITY AND AWARENESS HAZARD From town/city planning To building level