African Step Towards Development

1. Challenges of Newly Independent African Nations African Step Towards Development

2. Challenges to building governments • Building national unity • Loyalty was with family, village, and ethnic group rather than distant government • Tribalism – regionalism • Artificial boundaries splintered large ethnic groups • Tension between “tradition” and “modernity” • Economic differences • Conflict • Ethnic minorities – civil war - genocide • Radical Islam – John Green Boko Haram Video – 7:00 • Debt • Corruption – to hold power - Kleptocracy

3. Problems in Building Governments • Civil War • 1. Economic divisions and ethnic conflict has led to civil war in many areas of Africa. • 2. Many ethnic groups have tried to secede or break away from countries. • 3. In 1994, ethnic tensions between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda resulted in the massacre of 800,000 people. • 4. Civil Wars have also broke out in countries like Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, and Liberia in the 1980’s and 1990’s.

4. Rwandan Genocide • Who Are the Hutu and Tutsi? – Origins of a conflict video 3:30 • Ethnic groups of Rwanda • Tutsi – owned most cattle • Hutu – everyone else • Germans colonize Rwanda 1894 • Gave Tutsi responsibility • Belgians took control of Rwanda after WWI • identity cards in 1933, "arbitrarily [classifying] the whole population as Hutu, Tutsi or Twa" • by measuring qualities such as height, length of nose and eye shape • Tutsi were about 10% percent of population • the Belgians gave the Tutsi all the leadership positions. • Hutu nearly 90 percent Caused issues……

5. Rwandan Genocide • Rwanda independence from Belgium 1962 • Rwanda and Burundi become two separate and independent countries. • In Burundi, Tutsis retain power • Direct elections put the Hutus in charge of the new government in Rwanda • majority of Rwanda's population, • This upset the Tutsi, and the animosity between the two groups continued for decades • Event That Sparked the Genocide • April 6, 1994, President JuvénalHabyarimana • a surface-to-air missile shot his plane out of the sky • 100 Days of Slaughter – Hutu extremists kill 800,000 Tutsi and others

7. Rwandan Genocide • The World Stood By and Just Watched • UN Failed Rwanda – slow, too few troops • Video 3:18 Reaction (2) • Slaughter Inside Churches, Hospitals, and Schools • One of the worst massacres of the Rwandan Genocide took place on April 15 to 16, 1994 at the Nyarubuye Roman Catholic Church, located about 60 miles east of Kigali. Here, the mayor of the town, a Hutu, encouraged Tutsis to seek sanctuary inside the church by assuring them they would be safe there. Then the mayor betrayed them to the Hutu extremists. • Genocide ends • when the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front)took over the country • trained military group consisting of Tutsis who had been exiled in earlier years, many of whom lived in Uganda. • Reconciliation Vid 3:00 (3)

8. Rwandan Genocide Video background (1) 4:00 3:14 VideoVideo 3:18 Reaction (2)Reconciliation Vid 3:00 (3) • From April to July 1994, • Members of the Hutu ethnic majority murdered as many as 800,000 people, mostly of the Tutsi minority. • Extreme Hutu nationalists in the capital of Kigali • ordinary citizens were incited by local officials and the Hutu Power government to take up arms against their neighbors. • By the time the Tutsi-led Rwandese Patriotic Front gained control of the country through a military offensive in early July, hundreds of thousands of Rwandans were dead and many more displaced from their homes. • The RPF victory created 2 million more refugees (mainly Hutus) from Rwanda • Explanation Article

9. Parliamentary System • system of government • where the executive branch is drawn from the legislature • the executive and legislative branches are intertwined • Form of government in which power lies in the hands of the political party that wins a majority of seats in parliament • the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government • its leader becoming prime minister • Political parties hold power to appoint Prime Minister

10. Parliamentary System • Prime minister may be removed from power whenever he loses the confidence of a majority of the ruling party or of the parliament • Parliamentary Republics - Should be democratic

11. purpose of one-party rule • Build national unity • one-party system = reflected African tradition of consensus • Other parties limited • Supported by Julius Nyerere • Multi-party today • Sometimes Dominant Party Rule

12. “While the United States is trying to reach the moon, Tanzania is trying to reach its Villages” ~Julius Nyerere Example: unite the country provide basic services end foreign influence

13. military rule • Government controlled by the military • Used to restore order • Get rid of corrupt leaders • Short term results • Creates personal rule • General Joseph Mobutu

14. autocratic rule • Rule with absolute authority • Seen as necessary because of general weaknesses = many African nations • Robert Mugabe – video 5:10

15. democratization • 1980’s • Movement towards a free system of government • Article – “Why Western-style Democracy is not suitable for Africa” - link

16. Government stability=progress

17. Establishing Economic Systems

18. Key issue and goal • How much government control over the economy • Economic self reliance • Improve agriculture and build industry

20. Socialism • State control to best meets need of people • Way to end privilege/rejected colonialism • Reflected African Traditions • Government owns and operate major businesses and controls other parts of the economy • Economic benefits should be equitable throughout society • Few successes

22. mixed economies • Most African nations today • Promote private ownership • Build factories and produce good for their own use • Multinational companies: money leaves Africa

23. Economic Choices and Challenges

24. Structural Legacies --Economies based on raw material exports --Aid/dependency --Migrant labor/labor compounds • Cultural Legacies --Public Health --Education --Tension between “tradition” and “modernity”

25. Challenges to developing agriculture • Focus on cash crops for export – not food crops • Artificially low food prices by governments • so people can afford food • Population growth • Drought, overuse • Solutions?

26. economic dependence and trade • Try to diversify: agriculture and industry • Industry faces competition from Asia and Latin America • Reduce dependence and limit expensive imports (oil) • Influenced by external factors especially world Market prices for products • Debt, drought, conflict • Solutions?

27. Controlling Population • cause of population explosion • Tradition and health care • “Each extra mouth comes attached two extra hands” • Strains on government • Need for school, jobs, housing, healthcare, family planning • Solution?

28. Human Development Index • The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development • Measured from 0-1 – closer to 1 the better

30. A few ways to fix an ailing government 13 The leaders who ruined Africa, and the generation who can fix it 13:00

31. Closure Quiz Section 2 • C • D • E • B • A 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. A