A service oriented design of a sustainable energy system

1. A service oriented design of a sustainable energy system Hans Schnitzer Graz University of Technology Institute for Resource Efficient and Sustainable Systems JOANNEUM RESERACH Institute for Sustainable Techniques and Systems

2. what are we speaking about? • most contributions (scientific and political) deal with energy supply • what are impacts of the present system (CC, political issues, risks, costs,…) • shift to renewables • life cycle aspects (greenhouse gas, particulates, ...) • potentials • technologies and their risks (wind turbines kill birds) • costs • few contributions deal with • energy efficiency • almost no contribution deals with • energy services

3. Let us discuss energy services instead of energy supply systems • do we need gasoline, diesel or alternative fuels? • or do we need mobility and transport of people, goods and information? • do we need fuel oil and natural gas • or do we need comfortable houses,...? • do we need process heat • have we to separate liquids, to clean materials, to pasteurize food,... • have we to power TVsets, video recorders,… • or do we need information, …

4. =71% =44% How do we deal with efficiencies? Energy flow in Austria – traditional representation Österreichische Energieagentur - Austrian Energy Agency, 1997 - 2006 Permanente Seitenadresse: http://www.energyagency.at/(de)/pop/bild.htm

5. Energy flow in Austria – correct presentation fossil energy final energy useful energy 965.0 591.0 1,018 losses losses renewables. 350.0 282 210.0 radiation to space solar radiation 341,000 340,000 all data in PJ/a

6. how do we deal with efficiencies? final energy efficiency = 61 % mechanical work =75% process heat =80% useful energy = 591 PJ ww, space heating =75% mobility =33% light, information losses = 374 PJ

7. Energy – a provider of services • Efficiencies: • dimension: dimensionless (0<<100%) • definition: useful output per input • example: energy / energy = J / J • Effectiveness: • dimension: any • definition: service per effort • example: lumen/watt, kilometer/liter gasoline, m² heated space/liter oil for one heating season • critics: • still not going to the real problems • a bus needs more fuel than a private car per km • a good insulated large house less energy per m² than a small old one (per person?)

8. Cristal of substitution – energy can be substituted by a number of non-energetic parameters ENERGY SERVICE

9. theoretical minimum energy demand actual energy input EFFICIENCY= Defining the minimum energy demand of services Distillation (separation of liquids): • is „reversible“ if the energy for the separation equals the energy set free at mixing: heat of mixing  minimum energy demand? • phase changes are only “technology” but not needed for separation • other technologies (membranes, adsorption, bio-technologies, …) might offer more energy-efficient solutions • we are far from efficient effective technologies

10. theoretical minimum energy demand actual energy input EFFICIENCY= Defining the minimum energy demand of services Drying (separation of liquids from solids): • minimum energy demand of drying up to equilibrium with environment is “negative” • as drying (of fruits, bricks, paper, textiles,…) would run by itself in open air, energy could be recovered from the drying process • phase change of liquid only necessary for “thermal” drying • is the “efficiency” <0, since the theoretical minimum <0 J ? • we are far from effective technologies

11. service effectiveness is not only depending on technologies • wellbeing in room depends on • temperature – depends on • size and efficiency of heating system • insulation of building • type of heating system (high temperature radiation, warm air , low temperature surfaces,…) • air flow velocities • air humidity • colors in room • individual feelings • clothing • …

12. Solar paths to services BIOGAS H2

13. What is the minimum energy demand of a production process? • Difference of the energy content of the product – energy content of raw materials • Is there a way to define a “thermodynamic” minimum, to decide how “good” a production process is? • Sergio invited me for a WORKSHOP, so let us find an answer WORKSHOP

14. heat demand solar potential Heat demand in Austria’s milk processing industry

15. Case study – Austrian dairy: heat demand of energy-services on temperature level

16. Production processes - process flow sheet Heat integration scheme obtained by PINCH analysis

17. Total Energy Consumption 16 Mio kWh/a Berglandmilch 4 Mio kWh/a 3,4 Mio kWh/a Saving of fuels app. 80% Rest will be covered by biomass

18. Evaluation criteria for RE-technological paths • Effectiveness (amount of radiation = area needed for service) • (Lifetime-)Costs (investment + operation) • Quality requirements to areas (agriculture, bio systems, roofs, walls, …) • Ecological impact (toxicity of substances, emissions, …) • Social / visual impact

19. Is there enough area? Area calculations(no footprint!) AC area consumption U useful energy supplied per m² A auxiliary energy M auxiliary materials ACref reference areas

20. Area requirement for a solar energy system in Austria

21. Zero Area REs: geothermal power Stadtgemeinde Altheim / OÖ

22. Zero Area REs: efficiency small co-generation unit in private house can also work with biogas controlled by grid-operator, heat = stored in the house

23. Zero Area REs: solar thermal on public buildings (sport stadium)

24. Plant: El NASR Location: Egypt Solar field:1900 m2 (parabolic trough) Process: Saturated steam (173 ºC/8bar) for processes in the pharmaceutical industry Working temp.: 173 ºC Source: Fichtner Solar GmbH Zero Area REs: solar thermal on industrial buildings (pharmaceutical company)

25. Zero Area REs: death wood from forests or waste wood from saw mills and industry

26. Zero Area REs: PV modules on technical constructions

27. Zero Area REs: PV modules and solar thermal collectors on facades

28. Zero Area REs: Biogas from agricultural, domestic or industrial waste (organic)

29. Where to put hat area (30*30km)?

30. Speaking about areas Power: 8 000 MW Energy: 10 bil. kWh/a Area: 5500 km² Solar: 2000 kWh/m²a eff: 200 kWh/m²a -> 50 000 000m² = 50 km² = 7*7 km

31. Economical consideration How much does the transition cost? • present prices of technologies? • future prices of technologies (when they are mature and produced in large scale and quantity)?

32. Economical consideration How to compare? • with fossil energy at present prices • should we include the cost of the invasion into Iraq? • future prices of fossil energy (100 to 300 $/bbl?)? • should we include cost of Climate Change (protection, disasters,…)

33. Economical consideration What is economic? • pay back time < 3 years? (like industry does) • full costs over lifetime of investment? (like utility companies do) • should we include “external costs” (but how? emission trading?)

34. Final question • do we have any other choice? here: a miracle happens Very good work so far – but shouldn‘t we go a little bit more into details here?