ALTERNATIVE FUELS

1. ALTERNATIVE FUELS • INTRODUCTION • ALTERNATIVE FUELS • Biofuels (Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Biogas) • Natural Gas • Hybrid Electric Vehicles • ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS • SHOW CASES

2. INTRODUCTION • In the EU, transport is responsible for an estimated 21% of all greenhouse gas emissions. • Fossil oil is the main energy source with a 98% contribution to all transport fuels. • Drivers can greatly reduce these impacts: • choosing cleaner vehicles • driving more efficiently • In most cases these measures will lead to: • financial savings • environmental benefits More information

3. WHAT ARE BIOFUELS? Biofuels (Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Biogas ) • Biofuels: fuels from a variety of sources of biomass: • plant materials • certain types of crops • recycled or waste vegetable oils • Biodiesel/bioethanol: • They can replace conventional diesel/petrol entirely respectively • They can be blended with diesel/petrol in different proportions: • Engines require no modification to use 5% blends • For biodiesel, blends up to 20-30% are possible, but it invalidates many manufacturers’ warranties • Bioethanol can be used as: • E85 (85% ethanol, 15% petrol) in Flexible Fuel Vehicles • Additive ETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether) up to 15% • Sunfuel/Synfuel: • Gas to liquid fuels: from gasified biomass or biogas via Fischer Tropsch Synthesis.

4. WHY PROMOTE BIOFUELS? • Transport biofuels have risen to prominence in recent years. The main reasons for promoting biofuels are: • To contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; • To contribute to the security of energy supply; • To promote a greater use of renewable energy; • To diversify agricultural economies into new markets. To promote the used of biofuels, many memberstates are relying on fuel tax exemptions.

5. MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT BIOFUELS SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions • What may FAME be made of in Europe? • Animal fat • Used cooking oil • Sunflower • Cotton • The only wrong answer is Cotton. • There are a wide variety of feedstocks that can be used to produce biodiesel. Since the type of feedstock heavily influences the fuel characteristics, differences in quality and emissions are common.

6. BIOFUELS: BIODIESEL, BIOETHANOL Internal Analysis

7. BIOFUELS: BIODIESEL, BIOETHANOL External Analysis

8. IS NATURAL GAS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL? Natural Gas • Natural Gas as an alternative fuel: clean burning qualities of the product. • It has to be stored in a compressed state (CNG) or in a liquefied state (LNG): • Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) • Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). • Methane is the major part of Natural Gas. Filling stations are expensive, but fuelcosts are low. For fleet owners with alarge share of “home based” vehicles it is feasible to purchase an own filling point,and for smaller fleets there might bepossibilities in joint purchase and joint useof a filling point, or to use one from anearby fleet.

9. MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT NATURAL GAS SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions • Is Natural Gas lighter than air at ambient conditions? • Yes, always • Only in warm climates • No, never • The right answer is yes. • This means that natural gas would not accumulate on the floor level in case of leakage, which is important when we use natural gas vehicles in underground zones.

10. METHANE: NATURAL GAS, BIOGAS Internal Analysis

11. METHANE: NATURAL GAS, BIOGAS External Analysis

12. WHAT ARE HEVs? Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) • Hybrid car: battery engine and internal combustion engine. • Hybrids are sold at a premium compared to their non-hybrid equivalents but can bring large fuel savings in start and stop operation (city traffic). In most EU countries hybrids qualify for purchase grants and/or reduced taxes. Significant potential to reduce emissions for start and stop traffic. For high mileage users they canmake sense in economic terms. Advantages in terms of access toinner cities.

13. MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT HEVs SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions • Does a serial hybrid vehicle need a gearbox? • Yes, always • No, optional • With in wheel motors only • The right answer is no. • Caused by the high torque of electric motors, hybrid electric vehicles are easy to drive in urban environments and off-road.

14. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES Internal Analysis

15. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES External Analysis

16. ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS • More than 50 % of the conventional fleet owners will purchase alternativepropulsion vehicles. • Measures regarding the following aspects are ranged by fleet operators as very positive and important:

17. SHOW CASES Alternative fuel use in the Municipal Transport Company (EMT) of Madrid (Spain) • Use of biofuel • 209 vehicles use biodiesel obtained from rapeseed and sunflower and 5 use bioethanol • Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) • 202 CNG vehicles and 62 refuelling posts • Hybrid systems (diesel – electric) • 20 buses • Use of Fuel cells • H2 Refuelling station able to fill the tank of the bus in 15 minutes and 350 bar pressure www.emtmadrid.es More information

18. HOW SUGRE MIGHT HELP YOU? • Offering Site Visits Twice a Year with Workshop • www.greenfleet.info • Holding Training Workshops • in certain cities, presenting strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for alternative fuels and alternative propulsion • going beyond biodiesel including PPO/SVO pure plant oil, E95 ethanol in diesel electric, hybrid electric, battery electric.. • Training Materials Download • at www.greenfleet.info