ITL 409 Port And Terminal Management

ITL 409Port And Terminal Management Asst.Prof. Levent AKSOY Maltepe University

History of Transportation • Horse, Donkey, Mule, Hinny (Bardo), • Donkey 3000-4000 BC EgyptorMesopotamia • Mule: weight 370 and 460 kg. an army mule can "carry up to 72 kg and walk 26 km without resting. • Horse: Domesticatedaround 4000-3500 BCE Kazakhstan • Earlierhorsesweretoosmalltoforriding, thusdrivingmayhavecomefirst.

History • Oxenprobably 4000 BCE • Pulledsledge, ploughsandwheeledcarts • (http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=bgn#bgn) • Travois • Litter • Sled

Otherhistoricalmodes • Canoe, Dhow (seafaringmerchants of Ur) • Polinesiancanoe • KonTikiraft

Spread of Chairot • Circa 1300 BC – Hittitechariot • Assyrian warship (probably built by Phoenicians) with two rows of oars, relief from Nineveh, c. 700 BC

TradeRoutes • Necessity is themother of allinventions. • NecessityTrade Transportation  Development of vehicles

Ships • Galley (probablyinventedbyPhoenicians (1550-300 BC) • Assyrianbireme (700 BC) • Trireme Ancient Greece (500 BC) • Mediterreneandesign (16th century)

SailShips • ChineseJunkfrom 2nd century AD • Chuan (chinese) djong (Java) junco (portuguese) junk (English) • Stillused in Hong Kong

15–17th century junks (Ming Dynasty) • Expedition of Zheng He • Early 17th-century Chinese woodblock print, thought to represent Zheng He's ships • The largest junks ever built were possibly those of Admiral Zheng He, for his expeditions in the Indian Ocean. According to Chinese sources, the fleet for Zheng's 1405 expedition comprised nearly 30,000 sailors and over 300 ships at its height.[citation needed] • The dimensions of Zheng He's ships according to ancient Chinese chronicles are disputed by modern scholars (see below): • Treasure ships, used by the commander of the fleet and his deputies (Nine-masted junks, claimed by the Ming Shi to be about 120 mlong and 50 m wide). • Horse ships, carrying tribute goods and repair material for the fleet (Eight-masted junks, about 340 feet long and 140 feet wide) • Supply ships, containing food-staple for the crew (Seven-masted junks, about 260 feet long and 115 feet wide). • Troop transports (Six-masted junks, about 220 feet long and 83 feet wide). • Fuchuan warships (Five-masted junks, about 165 feet long). • Patrol boats (Eight-oared, about 120 feet long). • Water tankers, with 1 month's supply of fresh water. • Some recent research suggests that the actual length of the biggest treasure ships may have been between (119–124 m) long and (49–51 m) wide,while others estimate them to be (61–76 m) in length. • Keying 800 ton – 45 m 1840s

Sailingships • Constitution USA 1800 53-62m length 2200 grosstons. • Commercial SailingShip (Merchant Vessel )

Age of Sail / Age of Discovery • The Age of Sail was the period in which international trade and naval warfare were dominated by sailingships, lasting from the 16th to the mid-19th century. This is a significant period during which square-rigged sailing ships carried European settlers to many parts of the world in one of the most expansive human migrations in recorded history. • The Age of Discovery (also known as the Age of Exploration) was a period starting in the early 15th century and continuing to the 17th century. During this period Europeans explored Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania. The fall of Constantinople in 1453 severed European trade links by land with Asia leading many to begin seeking routes east by sea and spurred the age of exploration.[1][2] Historians often refer to the 'Age of Discovery'[3][4] as the pioneer Portuguese and Spanish long-distance maritime travels in search of alternative trade routes to "the East Indies", moved by the trade of gold, silver and spices.[5] • http://aulosinternet.wikispaces.com/Maps

SailingShips • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_tactics_in_the_Age_of_Sail • Full rigged • Schooner • Barquentine/brigantine • Brig (twomast)

Maritimetimeline • Events Before the Common Era • About 45,000 BCE: First humans arrive in Australia, presumably by boat. • About 6,000 BCE: Earliest evidence of dugout canoes[1] • 5th millennium BCE: Earliest known depiction of a sailing boat.[2] • About 2,000 BCE: • Hannu travels to the Land of Punt. • Austronesian people migrate from Taiwan to Indonesia, preceding the colonization of Polynesia.[3][4][5] • about 1175 BCE: Battle of the Delta, one of the first recorded naval battles • 1194-1174 BCE: Supposed timespan for the events of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. • Around 600 BCE: According to Herodotus, Necho II sends Phoenician expedition to circumnavigate Africa. • 542 BCE: First written record of a trireme • 5th century BCE: Hanno the Navigator explores the coast of West Africa. • 480 BCE: Battle of Salamis, arguably the largest naval battle in ancient times • 247 BCE: Lighthouse of Alexandria completed • 214 BCE: Lingqu Canal built • 31 BCE: Battle of Actium decides the Final War of the Roman Republic. • Events in the Common Era • Age of Discovery • Rise of steamboats and motorships

SteamShips • Shallowdraftriverboat • Steamboat (PaddleSteamer) • PropulsionTypes (Paddle, screwPropeller) • SteamTurbineShip • First oceangoing SS Savannah • First Nuclear Cargo NS Savannah

ShipPrefixes • SV SailingVessel • PS PaddleSteamer • SS SteamShip, SteamSchooner, ScrewShip • TS TurbineSteamer, • NS SavannahNuclearShip • MV Motor Vehicle • MS Motor Ship • MF Motor Ferry • Motor Tanker • MSY Motor SailingYacht • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_prefix

ShipCapacities • http://www.goines.net/Writing/HELEN_of_TROY.html • BC 1000 CoupletonsGalley • BC 500 Penteconter (9 knot, 28-33m) 50 oars 50 ton displacement • 1275 SicillianGalley 40x2x3,7m (LxDxW), 80 ton deadweight • 1570 VenitianGalley 42x1,7x5m 180 ton • 100 to 300 tons, Genoesecarrack 1000 ton foroceans (originallydevelopedbyPortuguese) • Full riggedships 3000-5000 ton displacement. 80x7x15m 10knot speed

Ocean Liners • Earlypassengershipsinterestedmore in cargothanpassengers (http://cruiselinehistory.com/) • EarlyexamplesBlack Ball Line in New York, Advertisement in 1818, was the first shipping company to offer regularly scheduled service from the United States to England and to be concerned with the comfort of their passengers. • By the 1830s steamships were introduced and dominated the transatlantic market of passenger and mail transport. • RMS Britannia (1840) HMS Britannic (1874) Oceanic (1899) • a

Ocean Liner • An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (e.g., for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships). • Cargo vessels running to a schedule are sometimes called liners.[1] The category does not include ferries or other vessels engaged in short-sea trading, nor dedicated cruise ships where the voyage itself, and not transportation, is the prime purpose of the trip. Nor does it include tramp steamers, even those equipped to handle limited numbers of passengers. Some shipping companies refer to themselves as "lines" and their container ships, which often operate over set routes according to established schedules, as "liners". • Ocean liners are usually strongly built with a high freeboard to withstand rough seas and adverse conditions encountered in the open ocean. Additionally, they are often designed with thicker hull plating than is found on cruise ships, and have large capacities for fuel, food and other consumables on long voyages. • As of 2012, RMS Queen Mary 2 was the only ship still in service as an ocean liner. 150.000 GT, 30 knot 345x10x41m QM2 is post-panamax but can passunderverrazano. Someportsrequire a tender. Mauretania (1906) Americaand United States (1952), France, QE2 • Lksdk

Blue Riband • For other uses, see Blue ribbon (disambiguation) and Blue Riband (disambiguation). • The Blue Riband – Hales Trophy of 1935 • The Blue Riband/ˌbluːˈrɪbənd/ is an unofficial accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the record highest speed. The term was borrowed from horse racing and was not widely used until after 1910.[1][2] Under the unwritten rules, the record is based on average speed rather than passage time because ships follow different routes.[3] Traditionally, a ship is considered a "record breaker" if it wins the eastbound speed record, but is not credited with the Blue Riband unless it wins the more difficult westbound record against the Gulf Stream.[1] • Of the 35 Atlantic liners to hold the Blue Riband, 25 were British, followed by five German, three American, as well as one each from Italy and France. 13 were Cunarders (plus Queen Mary of Cunard White Star), 5 by White Star, with 4 owned by Norddeutscher Lloyd, 2 by Collins, 2 by Inman and 2 by Guion, and one each by British American, Great Western, Hamburg-America, the Italian Line, CompagnieGénéraleTransatlantique and finally the United States Lines.[1] Many of these ships were built with substantial government subsidies and were designed with military considerations in mind.[3]Winston Churchill estimated that the two Cunard Queens helped shorten the Second World War by a year.[4] The last Atlantic liner to hold the Blue Riband, the United States was designed for her potential use as a troopship as well as her service as a commercial passenger liner.[3] • There was no formal award until 1935 when Harold K. Hales (1868–1942), a British politician and owner of Hales Brothers shipping company, donated the trophy.[5] The rules for the Hales Trophy are different from the traditional rules for the Blue Riband. The Hales Trophy can be won by any type of surface commercial passenger vessel for a crossing in either direction. The first vessel other than a regular liner to receive the trophy was the passenger/car ferry Hoverspeed Great Britain when she established a new speed record for a commercial vessel on her eastbound delivery voyage without passengers in 1990.[6] However, the United States remains as the holder of the Blue Riband because all subsequent record breakers were not in Atlantic passenger service and their voyages were eastbound.[1] HMS Olympic as a hospitalship • Englad 1818 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribanda

Cruiseship • The Prinzessin Victoria Luise was the world’s first cruise ship. • Cruise Ship History and Cruising The Past – The Prinzessin Victoria Luise was the world’s first cruise ship. Built for the Hamburg America Line, she was launched on June 29, 1900 and served as a cruising passenger ship until December 16, 1906 after being accidentally grounded off Jamaica.http://cruiselinehistory.com/tag/first-cruise-ship/ • PRINCESS PATRICIA • Pacific Princess • THE MS STELLA POLARIS: A great video of the last voyage of the most famous cruise ship of the thirties, the inter war years and probably even in the history of cruising. • The ship was considered one of the most elegant and exclusive devoted to cruising. She sailed to the Mediterranean, North Cape, Caribbean and Around The World. She had no rivals. • On the World Cruise there was more than one crew member for every passenger. • a

CruiseShips • Before the 19th century--when boat travel was the only way for people to get from Europe to America--boat companies were not particularly worried about passengers because most of shipping revenue came from cargo. Black Ball Line • In 1818, the New York-based Black Ball Line was the first ship company to pay mind to the comfort of passengers, allotting space from rooms rather than shoving passengers in the hold or any other space not taken up by cargo. The company made the transatlantic journey more comfortable, spurring the start of travel ships. • Competetive Beginnings • According to the Duke University Library, the competition in the 1840s became heavy among British-based ship companies to carry both mail and passengers. Ship companies started adding little comforts such as electric lights to ships. The pleasure cruise was introduced in 1844. • Fun Fact • On July 4,1840, the Britannia left port in Liverpool going to New York hauling a cow on board so that passengers would have fresh milk during their trip. • http://www.travels.com/vacation-ideas/cruises/history-cruise-liners/

CruiseShips • With the advent of large passenger jet aircraft in the 1960s, intercontinental travelers largely switched from ships to planes, sending the ocean liner trade into a slow decline. Certain characteristics of older ocean liners made them unsuitable for cruising duties, such as high fuel consumption, deep draught preventing them from entering shallow ports, and cabins (often windowless) designed to maximize passenger numbers rather than comfort. Ocean liner services aimed at passengers ceased in 1986, with the notable exception of transatlantic crossings operated by the Cunard Line, catering to the niche market who appreciated the several days at sea • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship • On September 1, 2005, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) contracted three Carnival Cruise Lines vessels (Carnival Fantasy, the former Carnival Holiday, and the Carnival Sensation to house Hurricane Katrina evacuees.[21] • Freedom of theseas 150.000 GT 3600 passenger • Oasis Of theSeas 225,000 GT6300 passenger • Disney Magic 2600 passenger (1998)

Ferry Transport • Ferries are a form of transport, usually a boat or ship, but also other forms, carrying (or ferrying) passengers and sometimes their vehicles. Ferries are also used to transport freight (in lorries and sometimes unpowered freight containers) and even railroad cars. Most ferries operate on regular, frequent, return services • Upto 65,000 GT; 3,000 passangers; 1,300 carsand 200 trucks. • Variationsexist (doubleended, Hydrofoil, Hovercraft, Cruiseferry, Ro-Ro, Fast Ro-Ro, Train, Pantoon, Turntable, Cable) • a

InlandWater Transport • Inland water transport, including rivers and canals, represents an important, alternative and environmentally friendly way of transporting goods. Inland water vessels can carry the equivalent of between 14 and 500 truckloads and the total external cost of transport amounts to only EUR 10 per 1,000 tonnekilometres. • http://www.unece.org/trans/main/sc3/sc3.html • http://www.waterways-forward.eu/ • a

ShippingRoutes • http://spatial-analyst.net/worldmaps/shipping.rdc

BulkCarriers • Bulk carriers, such as the Sabrina I seen here, are cargo ships used to transport bulk cargo items such as ore or food staples (rice, grain, etc.) and similar cargo. It can be recognized by the large box-like hatches on its deck, designed to slide outboard for loading. A bulk carrier could be either dry or wet. Most lakes are too small to accommodate bulk ships, but a large fleet of lake freighters has been plying the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway of North America for over a century. • Geared-gearless, self discharging, combineddry-liquid, Lakers, BIBO (bulk in – bagout), VeryLargeOreCarries • a

ContainerShips • Size categories • ULCV – Ultra LargeContainerVessel (15 thousand) • Post Panamax (5-10)/ New Panamax (10-15) • Panamax (3-5) • Feedermax (2-3), Feeder (1-2), Small Feeder (<1) • a

BBC Box • The Box or BBC Box (BIC code: NYKU8210506) is a single ISO intermodal container that started to be tracked by BBC News in September 2008. The intention was to track the container for a period of one year, in a project to study international trade and globalization. • Route; 1: Port of Southampton→ 2:Greenock→ 3:Southampton→ 4:Port of Singapore→ 5:Port of Shanghai→ 6:Port of Los Angeles→ 7:Port of New Jersey→ 8:Santos, Brazil→ 9:Hong Kong→ 10:Port of Yokohama→ 11:Laem Chabang, Thailand→ 12:Southampton • a

Tanker • Liquid carriers • hydrocarbonproductssuch as oil, liquefiedpetroleumgas (LPG), andliquefiednaturalgas (LNG) • chemicals, such as ammonia, chlorine, andstyrenemonomer • freshwater • wine • molasses • Classes: ULCC, VLCC, LR2, LR1, MediumRange, General Purpose • Capacity: Seawaymax (St. Lawrence Seaway,10-60 thousand DWT), Panamax (80), AframaxAverageFreight Rate Assessment (120), Suezmax (200), Malaccamax(VLCC 315), ULCC • MostlyAframax. Q-maxQatarmaxfor LNG terminals in Qatar • a

Refrigerated (Reefer) Ship • A reefer ship is a refrigerated cargo ship; a type of ship typically used to transport perishable commodities which require temperature-controlled transportation, such as fruit, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products and other foods. • A refrigeratedContainermightalso be usedinstead • Dunedin 1881 thefirstreefer. Aircooling (Ambient - 22C) • a

Coasters • Coastal trading vessels, also known as coasters, are shallow-hulled ships used for trade between locations on the same island or continent. Their shallow hulls mean that they can get through reefs where deeper-hulled seagoing ships usually cannot.

Ro-Ro • Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are vessels designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as automobiles, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, trailers, and railroad cars, that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels. This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-off (LOLO) vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo. • Includeferries, car cerriersetc. • a

General Cargo / Multi Purpose • A Multi-purpose ship (sometimes called a general cargo ship) is used to transport a variety of goods from bulk commodities to break bulk and heavy cargoes. To provide maximum trading flexibility they are usually geared and modern examples are fitted for the carriage of containers and grains. Generally they will have large open holds and tweendecks to facilitate the carriage of different cargoes on the same voyage. The crew will be highly competent in the securing of break bulk cargoes and the ship will be equipped with various lashings and other equipment for sea fastening. • a

History of Railroads • The earliest evidence of a wagonway, a predecessor of the railway, found so far was the 6 to 8.5 km long Diolkoswagonway, which transported boats across the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece since around 600 BC. Wheeled vehicles pulled by men and animals ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element, preventing the wagons from leaving the intended route. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD. • Wagonways were relatively common in Europe (typically in mining) from about 1500 through 1800. • Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to wagons. This was demonstrated on an iron plate covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon. A horsepulled 12 wagon x 3 ton instead of a one 2 ton cart.

History of Railroads The first working model of a steam rail locomotive was designed and constructed by John Fitch in the United States in 1794. The first full scale working railway steam locomotive was built in the United Kingdom in 1804 by Richard Trevithick. (The story goes that it was constructed to satisfy a bet by Samuel Homfray, the local iron master.) This used high pressure steam to drive the engine by one power stroke. (The transmission system employed a large flywheel to even out the action of the piston rod.) On 21 February 1804 the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, near MerthyrTydfil in South Wales. Trevithick later demonstrated a locomotive operating upon a piece of circular rail track in Bloomsbury, London, the "Catch-Me-Who-Can", but never got beyond the experimental stage with railway locomotives, not least because his engines were too heavy for the cast-iron plateway track then in use. Despite his inventive talents, Richard Trevithick died in poverty, with his achievement being largely unrecognized. a

History of Railroads Salamanca was the first commercially successful steam locomotive, built in 1812. The engines saw up to twenty years of service. Four such locomotives were built for the railway. Salamanca was destroyed six years later, when its boiler exploded. This was followed in 1813 by the Puffing Billy, the first successful locomotive running by adhesion only. In 1814 George Stephenson, inspired by the early locomotives builta steam-powered machine. He built the Blücher, one of the first successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotives. Stephenson played a pivotal role in the development and widespread adoption of the steam locomotive. His designs considerably improved on the work of the earlier pioneers. In 1825 he built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in the north east of England, which was the first public steam railway in the world. Such success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives used on railways in the United Kingdom, United States and much of Europe.SeeRocketand Planet.

History of Railroads Successbroughtgrowth Overallcontribution to the growth of GDP was modest, it is nonetheless clear that the railways had a sizeable impact in many spheres of economic activity. Theycalled for large quantities of heavy materials, and thus provided a significant stimulus, or ‘backward linkage’, to the coal-mining, iron-production, engineering and construction industries. They also helped to reduce transaction costs, which in turn lowered the costs of goods: the distribution and sale of perishable goods such as meat, milk, fish and vegetables were transformed by the emergence of the railways,giving rise not only to cheaper produce in the shops but also to far greater variety in people's diets. Finally, by improving personal mobility the railways were a significant force for social change. Rail transport had originally been conceived as away of moving coal and industrial goods but the railway operators quickly realised the potential for market for railway travel, leading to an extremely rapid expansion in passenger services. The number of railway passengers trebled in just eight years between 1842 and 1850: traffic volumes roughly doubled in the 1850s and then doubled again in the 1860s.[29] As the historian Derek Aldcroft has noted, ‘in terms of mobility and choice they added a new dimension to everyday life’.

World Railroads

Europe Railroads

Lokomotifler • Elektrikli • Dizel elektrik ve dizel mekanik olarak tasarlanır • İlk örnekleri buharlılara göre düşük güçteydiler, ancak nispeten daha temizdiler. • Elektro-dizel çift modlu, hibrit değil.

Demiryolu • Elektrikli tren şehir içi taşımacılığını etkiledi • Tramvay, metro, banliyö… • Yüksek hızlı trenlerin yapılmasına yol açtı. • Demiryolu teknolojileri ve standartları • Dar hat, standart, yüksek hızlı,… • Maglev, askı….

ITL 409 Port And Terminal Management