Unit 3: Chapter 6 - Biochemistry

1. Unit 3: Chapter 6 - Biochemistry The Chemicals of Life

2. A. Atoms Atoms are the smallest unit of matter 1. Made of 3 Particles: a. __________ - located in the ________ __________ charge; determine the element b. __________ – located in the ________ ____ charge = neutral c. ___________ - ______ outside nucleus ________ charge cause ______________

3. B. Elements A specific atom that is a single substance that cannot be broken down into smaller pieces 1. H = _________ – ___ bond 2. O = _________ – ___ bonds 3. N = _________ – ___ bonds 4. C = _________ – ___ bonds 5. Other essential elements: __________ (P) _____ (Fe) ____ (Zn) _______ (Ca) ________ (S) ________ (Na) __________ (K)

4. C. Molecules (Compounds) combinations of elements 1. _______ – caused by elements sharing electrons _____________ in the molecule 2. __________ = chains of repeating small units 3. ________ - shows the composition of a compound Molecular formula - indicates the actual numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule ___________________ - how the atoms are arranged or held together __________

5. D. Inorganic Compounds not the same as what you know from your foods 1. Don’t contain ________ ______________ together. 2. Examples: _______ (_____) __________ (_____) ________ (______) __________ (_____)

6. E. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain ______________________ in the same molecule

7. 1. Carbohydrates a. Examples: i. __________ = ______________________ _______, _______ carbohydrates examples of monosacchrides = ____________, fructose

8. ii. __________ = _______________ ___________________________ _____________ carbohydrates ____________, ___________, chitin iii. The names of most carbohydrates end in _________

9. Examples: _________ _________ _________ b. Elements: Carbohydrates Always contain ________ Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen CarboHYDRates always have _____________________ All carbohydrates have this special ratio

10. c. Subunits: _________________________ i. all complex carbohydrates are _______________ of __________ joined together by ___________________ ii. ____saccharide  ___saccharide  _____saccharide iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide subunit

11. iv. Dehydration Synthesis of a Carbohydrate

12. d. Function: - Primary _________________ for cellular respiration - 4 kcal/gram - Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the calories in most diets

13. 2. Lipids All lipids are ________________ organic molecules a. Examples: i. _________ ii. _________ iii. _________

14. b. Elements i. always contain _____________ ii. Usually ________ number of atoms iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is no specific ratio between hydrogen and oxygen C12H24O2 C54H102O6

15. c. Subunits: ________________________ i. Glycerol ii. Fatty Acid – has ________ (_________) on the end iii. Joined together by dehydration synthesis

16. d. Function i. _____________ of energy ii. _________ and __________ iii. Make up ______________

17. 3. Proteins a. Examples: Hair, Nails, ____________, _________, Bones, Cartilage, Muscles, _______________ Specific Proteins: _________, Trypsin, __________, Actin, Myocin,keratin

18. b. Elements: i. Always Contain _______________ ii. N = _____________ iii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorus

19. c. Subunits: ___________________ i. All proteins are made from ____________________. ii. Amino Acids small organic molecules with an ____________ and an ________ (carboxyl) group R – is a variable group of atoms that changes with each specific amino acid

21. iii. ___________ = chains of amino acids iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms. Peptide Bond

22. d. Function i. ____________________________ cell __________, cell skeleton, centrioles ii. ____________________ _________________ molecules that make reactions happen iii. _________________ ______________ iv. _________________ protect the body from infection __________ is DETERMINED by the _______ of the Protein __________ is DETERMINED by the ________ of _________________

23. 4. Enzymes a. ______________________________ b. Generally their names end in –ase Amylase, protease, lipase c. _________________________ - ___________________ without being changed themselves. - Involved in _______________________ in your body

24. d. Enzymes Structure i. Enzymes are proteins so the structure is determined by the _____________________. ii. _____________________ Area on the enzyme that conducts the reaction Active Site has a _________________________________

25. iii. _____________ ________________________________ iv. Enzyme Substrate Complex temporary molecule formed when the enzyme and substrate bind together v. ___________________ what is left over after the enzyme does its work PRODUCT SUBSTRATE ACTIVE SITE ____________________________ _______ __________ _______

26. e. Enzyme Specificity i. Enzymes are ______________________________. SHAPE ii. Lock and Key Model Enzyme and substrate ____________________ Just like one lock has one key that fits it

27. iii. Induced Fit Model More realistic model of enzyme activity Enzyme changes shape with the help of a coenzyme to fit substrate Allows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrate molecules COENZYME Coenzymes are enzyme helpers

28. f. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activity i. ___________________ - Enzymes have an ___________ temperature at which they work (__________________) - As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases for the most part - If temp is too high, protein becomes _______________ (change in _________) and no longer works. COOKED!

29. ii. _______ = Power of Hydrogen - scale that measures the strengths of _______ and ______ - 1 – 14 _______ = ______ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid ___ = ___________ _______ = ______ - closer to 14 the stronger the base

30. - Like temperature enzymes work at an ___________ pH - at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be ______________ – too high or too low.

31. iii. ____________________ - The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the enzyme activity to a point. - As the concentration increases the enzyme activity increases until it “_____________”

32. 5. Nucleic Acids i. Examples ● __________ – deoxyribonucleic acid ● __________ – ribonucleic acid ● Hereditary material, controls ______________ ii. Elements _______________

33. iii. Subunit: ________________ 3 parts: a. _____________ b. ________ (_______ or ___________________) c. ___________________ (Has nitrogen) DNA – _______, _______, _______, _______ RNA – _______, _______, _______, _______

35. iv. Function - Carry ____________ _______________ - _____________ for _________________ - The order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) determines the _______ of _____________ - The order of amino acids determines the protein

36. F. Biochemical Reactions 1. Dehydrations Synthesis chemical combination of two small molecules to make another larger molecule with water being driven off Synthesis = Make bigger, build up Dehydration = remove H2O Remove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bind together

37. 2. Hydrolysis chemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simpler molecules by adding water opposite of dehydration synthesis