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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. Chapter 6 Sections 3 & 4. It all begins with Water…. O. Chemical Structure: O & H share electrons, but not equally Because Oxygen has more protons (8), it pulls the shared electrons from the hydrogen closer into it’s nucleus.

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry Chapter 6 Sections 3 & 4

  2. It all begins with Water… O • Chemical Structure: • O & H share electrons, but not equally • Because Oxygen has more protons (8), it pulls the shared electrons from the hydrogen closer into it’s nucleus. • This makes Oxygen slightly negative and Hydrogen slightly positive • Water is Polar • “Like dissolves like” • Biological functions-divided ions needed in nervous system functions H H

  3. Hydrogen Bonding • Because water is polar, it attracts other water molecules • Positive region neg. region • = Hydrogen Bonding • Weak • Cohesion= attractive force b/w particles of the same kind • Causes surface tension

  4. Hydrogen Bonding Con’t… • Adhesion= attractive force b/w unlike particles • adhesion pulls water up a tube • = Capillarity Action • Water

  5. Water and Temperature • Water gains/loses lg amnts of energy to change temp • Heat water- breaks Hyd. Bonds • Most automobiles have water-cooled engines. What must be true about a solution that can replace the water in the cooling system, like antifreeze? • It must be able to absorb large quantities of heat

  6. Carbon Compounds • Organic- contain carbon atoms covalently bonded • Share electrons • Life!! • Bonds well with itself • Chains, rings or branched chains • Bond easily to Functional Groups- clusters of atoms that work tog. to determine the properties of a compound • Ex.- OH (hydroxyl) Group- Creates Alcohol when bonded to Carbon

  7. Section 6-4 • The building blocks of life… • Why is it fun to play with trains? • Linking them together to make a long chain is fun! • Organic Chemistry is focused on all compounds made of carbon • Why carbon? • It’s found in all molecules of life • Carbon’s structure: Let’s look at the Lewis Dot • It forms many covalent bonds, which show that it can take many shapes • This leads to diversity

  8. Large Carbon Macromolecules • Monomer= smaller, simpler molecules that combine to make bigger, usually repeated • Polymer= when monomers bond together • Lots of polymers= macromolecule Three monomers One polymer (AKA macromolecule)

  9. Types of Macromolecules • Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids • All made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • All very in the ratios • Table 6.1, pg. 167

  10. A. Carbohydrates • Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Ratio: 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen for every carbon (1:2:1) • (CH2O)n • Can be classified as Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide (called sugars) • So, a carbohydrate is a sugar

  11. Saccharides • Monomers of carbohydrate • Simply means “sugar” • Glucose- energy of cells • Fructose- found in fruits, makes things sweet • Galactose- found in milk • Animals store glucose as a poly called glycogen, which provides energy • Plants store glucose as a poly called starch

  12. B. Lipids • Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen • Make up fats, oils and waxes • Primary function: store energy • Composed of fatty acid tail (nonpolar) and a polar head

  13. Unsaturated and Saturated Fats • Classified by the type of tails: • Single bond chains: Saturated fats because no more hydrogen can bond to the tail (not healthy!) • Double bond chains: can accommodate more hydrogen, unsaturated (healthy!) • More than 1 double bond: Polyunsaturated fats

  14. Lipids… • Have two ends have: • Hydrophilic End- loves water, polar (head) • Hydrophobic End- hates water, nonpolar (tail) • Phospholipid- special lipid that contains phosphate- Make up the cell membrane • Steroids: cholesterol and hormones, serve as the starting point for other lipid formation

  15. C. Proteins • Made of amino acids • What’s an amino acid? • Small compounds made of C, H, O, N and maybe S • Formed from monomers • Skin and muscle from animals are protein

  16. Amino Acids • 20 different amino acids • Proteins are made of many different combos of those 20 amino acids • Fold into different shapes that have different functions • Building blocks for life!! • Proteins make muscles, skin, hair, nails, etc

  17. Peptides • When two amino acids bond, peptides hold them together • Can connect hundreds of amino acids together at once

  18. Enzymes • Protein that act as a catalyst • Unchanged after it is used, use over again

  19. D. Nucleic Acids • Very large, very complex molecules • C, N, O, P, H all combined to make thousands of monomers called nucleotides • Usually have a phosphate group, nitrogen base and ribose sugar all attached together to form the nucleic acid • Store information- heredity • Examples • Deoxyribonucleic acid = info for cell activities • Ribonucleic acid = stores and transfers info for the making of proteins • ATP= stores chemical energy for cells

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