Chapter 10: Europe in the Middle Ages 1000 - 1500

1. Chapter 10: Europe in the Middle Ages1000 - 1500 In the High Middle Ages, Europe saw explosive urban growth, a revival of trade, and an emboldened Catholic Church. Yet catastrophic setbacks followed in the form of plague, economic collapse, and war. Christianity remained a focus of European life, but centuries of confrontation with the monarchies left the Church weakened.

2. Section 1 – Peasants, Trade, and Cities Essential Question: How do advances in Agriculture affect both farmers and city dwellers? Improvements in agriculture led to food surpluses, which then led to the specialization of labor and the growth of cities. carruca

3. Advances in technology • Water power • Wind power • Iron was used to make farm tools such as scythes, axes, hoes, hammers and nails • Shifting from a two-field crop rotation to a three-field crop rotation increased food production – before this peasants had divided their land in half, leaving one-half unplanted so it could regain fertility. The new method divided the land into thirds, leaving only one-third unplanted. This allowed them to grow more crops

4. Manorial System • Land was divided into estates called manors. Land was how wealth was measured. • Peasants which were bound to the land were called serfs. • By 800 about 60% of peasants were serfs.

5. The Revival of Trade – Middle Age Europe was mostly an agricultural society, but Italian cities led a trade revival by developing a fleet of ships. Results: • The Hanseatic League – a trade association developed in the Baltic and North Sea region • As trade increased demand for gold and silver increased. • A money economy developed which led to new trading companies and banking firms being created. • Commercial capitalism – people invested in trade and goods to make a profit

6. Growth of cities • Patricians – wealthy and powerful citizens of cities • Bourgeoisie or burghers - middle class city dwellers

7. Guilds – a business association associated with a particular trade or craft; guilds evolved in the twelfth century and came to play a leading role in the economic life of medieval cities • Apprentice – worker who learned a trade from a master craftsperson; worked five to seven years without pay to learn the craft • Journeyman – worker who worked for a master craftsperson for wages; aspired to become masters as well • masterpiece – piece created by a journeyman who aspires to be a master craftsperson; it allowed the members of a guild to judge whether the journeyman was qualified

8. Section 2 – Medieval Christianity – With its strong leadership, the Catholic Church became a dominant and forceful presence in medieval society. • Popes claimed supremacy over the affairs of the Church. • Some church officials such as bishops and abbots got their offices as grants from nobles. These men were chosen not because of their faith, but for political reasons. • lay investiture – the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office • Pope Gregory VII decided he would fight this practice as God’s “vicar on earth” • Henry IV of Germany disagreed with the pope leading to a struggle between them. • The Concordat of Worms – Agreement reached in 1122 which solved the disagreement

9. Pope Innocent III – the Catholic Church reached the height of its power at this time. • interdict – a decree by the pope that forbade priests to give the sacraments of the church to a particular group of people • This put pressure on rulers to obey the pope

10. New Religious Orders • Cistercian monks – Strict monastic order that ate a simple diet and only had a single robe. • Dominican monks - Monastic order that wanted to defend church teachings from heresy. • Franciscan monks - Monastic order that lived among the people, preached repentance and helped the poor.

11. Religion in the High Middle Ages • The church was an important part of ordinary people’s lives from birth to death. • The sacraments, such as baptism, marriage, and the Eucharist (Communion) were seen as means for receiving God’s grace, and were necessary for salvation. That is why the interdict (the withholding of the sacraments) was used by the pope to control the kings. • People worshiped relics of saints because they provided a link between the earthly world and God.