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Linde Gas Division

Linde Gas Division. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Waterford, Ireland 12th-14th of October 2002 Fire Polishing of Crystal & Lead Crystal Glass articles with the HYDROPOX  - and CARBOPOX  -technology Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Goerisch Dipl.-Ing. Hans Mahrenholtz

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Linde Gas Division

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  1. Linde Gas Division

  2. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Waterford, Ireland 12th-14th of October 2002 Fire Polishing of Crystal & Lead Crystal Glass articles with the HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-technology Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Goerisch Dipl.-Ing. Hans Mahrenholtz Linde AG - Linde Gas Division SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  3. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  4. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  5. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  6. Linde Gas Sales: Employees: 3,877 Mio. Euro 17,689 Gases and gas application processes, systems and equipment Sales: Employees: 1,218 Mio. Euro 3,961 Linde Engineering Engineering and construction Air and gas separation plants Chemical and petrochemical plants Sales: Employees: 3,158 Mio. Euro 17,891 Sales: Employees: 887 Mio. Euro 6,364 Linde Group in year 2001 • Gas and Engineering • Material Handling Industrial trucks Hydraulics • Refrigeration Refrigerated and freezer display cases and cold rooms Non-refrigerated shop equipment Space and process cooling systems SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  7. Member of the Linde Gas Group HOLOX The Linde Gas Brands SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  8. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  9. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  10. Glass Industry Glass Segments, Gas Applications & Types of Gas SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  11. Glass Industry Glass Segments, Gas Applications & Types of Gas SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  12. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  13. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  14. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Motivation for Fire Polishing In the glass industry - and in tableware and Flacon production in particular - the demands being placed on quality (especially on glass surface quality) and on production costs are increasing to an equal degree. Today, modern glass production demands: • the highest glass quality, particulary the highest surface quality • machined glass to look like manual glass • the replacement of acid polishing • the elimination of further mechanical processing SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  15. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Difference between premixing and post mixing burners Premixing burner Post mixing burner The heat Mixture of gas and air / oxygen Air / Oxygen Gas SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  16. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Flame yet and impingement region Nozzle Potential core Stagnation or impingment region Potential core Fully developed region Transient region Nozzle Entreinment SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  17. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Axial distribution of the heat transfer rate • The heat transfer rates from premixed oxy-hydrogen flames are approx. 300% higher than premixed oxy-methane flames. The heat • The heat transfer rates from premixed flames are approx. 30% higher in case of oxy-methane flames and approx. 90% higher in case of oxy-hydrogen flames than post mixed flames oxy-hydrogen oxy-methane SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  18. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Radial distribution of the heat transfer rate oxy-hydrogen oxy-methane • The flame width from premixed oxy-methane combustion is approx. 100% larger than the flame width from premixed oxy-hydrogen combustion. • The flame widths from post mixed combustion is approx. 30% bigger than premixed combustion. SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  19. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX WHY? • The heat transfer rates from premixed oxy-hydrogen flames are approx. 300% higher than premixed oxy-methane flames. • The heat transfer rates from premixed flames are approx. 30% higher in case of oxy-methane flames and approx. 90% higher in case of oxy-hydrogen flames than post mixed flames • The flame width from premixed oxy-methane combustion is approx. 100% larger than the flame width from premixed oxy-hydrogen combustion. • The flame widths from post mixed combustion is approx. 30% bigger than premixed combustion. WHY? • Flame front equilibrium and entrainment • Heat transfer mechanism SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  20. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Flame front equilibrium The flame front is the point, where the medium velocity and the flame velocity are equal (and heat transfer starts). • The medium flow wants to push the flame front downstream • The flame wants to burn upstream vM vF SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  21. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Flame front equilibrium The flame velocity is a function of several properties (density, viscosity, etc.), the diffusion coefficient and... the reaction velocity resp. coefficient SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  22. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Entrainment Before ignition • The entrained nitrogen dilutes the mixture decreasing the concentration of fuel and oxygen. After ignition • The air entrained oxygen may participate in combustion of unburned fuel • Reduction of the jet temperature SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  23. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Heat transfer/flux • Heat transfer by impingement is the main mechanism of heat transfer. The contribution from radiation is negligible. SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  24. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Heat transfer/flux • Heat transfer by impingement is the main mechanism of heat transfer. The contribution from radiation is negligible. SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  25. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Convective heat transfer SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  26. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Convective heat transfer s oxy-hydrogen oxy-methane SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  27. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  28. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  29. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Characteristics • Pre-mixing gas mixture • Electropneumatic control units • Water cooled / Uncooled burners • Standard burners / Special designed burners • 100% stainless steel SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  30. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Advantages and typical uses of HYDROPOX • Complete removal of pressing burrs and sharp edges such as • Stern seams Cover ring seams Plate seams on thin-walled glasses (particularly glasses with stems), number of cuts up to 60 per minute • High-grade finishing of flacons (brilliance) • Preventing deformation of the article due to a very short polishing time of approx. 2-3 s. • Removal of cold waves • Heating at precise points • Polishing decorative surfaces with very deep reliefs is possible SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  31. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Advantages and typical uses of CARBOPOX • Removal pf pressing burrs and sharp edges • Removal of "orange peel" on pressed lead crystal articles significantly improved brilliance compared with acid polishing great cost savings compared with acid polishing • Complete polishung of thick-walled glass parts (external and internal) • Preventing deformation of the article through fast polishing (polishing time approx. 5-15 s) • Removal of cold waves • Polishing decorative surfaces with very deep reliefs is possible SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  32. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Designs • line • ring • rotation SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  33. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  34. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  35. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Mixing units For each burner... • Power control • Control units • Exact pressure regulation • Exact regulation of the gases ratio SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  36. P P P P P P S Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Burner steering system (pre mixing) burner 1 burner 2 - electrical operation unit - central mixing unit - electro-pneumatic burner controlling system - burner Electrical operation unit, (steering, security system, ...) Electro-pneumatic burner control burner 3 ...n Central mixing unit SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  37. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  38. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  39. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  40. XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  41. Results/Effectivity CARBOPOX HYDROPOX Pre mixed gas mixture NG/Propane plus Oxygen Pre mixed gas mixture Hydrogen plus Oxygen Post mixed gas mixture NG/Propane plus Oxygen Post mixed gas mixture Hydrogen plus Oxygen Demands/Requirements Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Summary Due to the heat transfer rates, flame shapes, working parameters etc: • Pre-mixing glass treatment technologies are more efficient than post mixing technologies. • Glass treatment technologies with Hydrogen/Oxygen are more efficient than with Natural gas/Oxygen. SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

  42. Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX glasstec 2002 glasstec 2002 - the 17th International Trade Fair in Düsseldorf from Monday October 28 th to Friday November 1st 2002 You are cordially invited to visit us in Hall 13, at booth no. E37. We are looking foreward to seeing you. SDM/Mahrenholtz/24.10.2019

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