Chapter 17:

1. Chapter 17: The Progressive Era

2. What were some of the main goals of the Progressive Era? • Due to the social ills brought about by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and laissez-faire capitalism, progressives sought to: • protect social welfare, • promote moral improvement, • create economic reform, and • foster efficiency.

3. What two movements continued to help the poor? • Social Gospel Movement • Settlement House Movement sponsored projects, like • Hull House • YMCA • Salvation Army

4. How did some progressives try to improve morality? • One reform effort amongst the progressives was prohibition, or the banning of alcohol. • Frances Willard, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, and Carry Nation all led this effort. • Prohibition also effected immigrant groups, whose culture in Europe did not forbid alcohol.

5. What role did media have in the Progressive Era? • Muckrakers were journalists who investigated corruption and exposed injustices in politics, business, and society. • Ida Tarbell focused on business corruptions, specifically with Rockefeller’s Standard Oil.

6. How did scientific principles effect industry? • Scientific management studies researched how tasks could be performed more quickly, especially in factories. • Assembly lines were developed to speed up production. • Ford was among the first to re-tool his factory to make it more efficient. • However, increased efficiency resulted in overproduction. And, the damaging effects on workers were chronicled in the ‘Brandeis brief.’

7. What changes were made concerning working hours during the Progressive Era? • The Supreme Court cases of Muller v. Oregon and Bunting v. Oregon limited working hours for women and men, respectively. • The Illinois Factory Act banned child labor and limited working hours for women. • It was championed by Florence Kelley. • Further, the Keating-Owen Act banned goods made with child labor from crossing state lines, while Lewis Hine photographs influenced public opinion.

8. The National Child Labor Committee published photos to help end child labor.

9. What several measures did William U’Ren in Oregon adopt to reform elections? • He introduced the secret ballot, and also • The initiative, which was a bill originated by the people, • The referendum, which was a vote on the initiative, and • The recall, which allowed voters to fire politicians. • These measures, along with Minnesota’s primary system, served to increase the voice of the people in government.

10. What did the Seventeenth Amendment declare? • In 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment provided for the direct election of US Senators. • Prior, state legislatures appointed them. After 1913, citizens could vote for the representatives in the Senate.

11. In what areas did women work outside the home? • Women worked as clerks, typists, and bookkeepers. • Poor and minority women often worked as domestic servants. • Women that worked in factories often worked in the garment industry. • Overall, more opportunities for work and education opened up for women, but they were still paid less than half of what men made.

12. What event marked the beginning of the movement for women’s suffrage? • The Seneca Falls Convention brought together many different people to fight for equal rights for women. • Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National American Women Suffrage Association, along with Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe. • They fought for women suffrage by state, through Supreme Court challenges regarding the 14th Amendment, as well as a new constitutional amendment. • The National Association of Colored Women also fought for equal rights, despite a division with the white suffragettes.

13. What was Teddy Roosevelt’s reform package called? • Roosevelt became president in 1901 when President McKinley was assassinated. • He had served as governor of New York and as a Rough Rider during the SPAM War in Cuba. • He used the presidency as a ‘bully pulpit’ to influence the media and shape his Square Deal legislation. • It focused on using the government to protect the welfare of the nation.

14. What were some of the major accomplishments under Teddy Roosevelt’s administration? • Trustbusting • Arbitration during the 1902 Coal Strike • Railroad regulation with the Elkins (no rebates) and Hepburn (no free passes) Acts • Meat Inspection Act • Pure Food and Drug Act • Environmental conservation with the Newlands Act (Roosevelt Dam)

15. Who was Upton Sinclair? • Sinclair wrote The Jungle in 1906. • It exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry. • Teddy Roosevelt then encouraged legislation be passed to regulate the industry.

16. Why were progressives unhappy with Roosevelt’s replacement, William Howard Taft? • Taft had promised to lower tariffs, but signed into law the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which did not lower tariffs. • He also appointed Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, who disapproved of conservation. As such, he opened up one million acres of protected land to development.

17. What was new party did Teddy Roosevelt create and what did it stand for? • Upset with Taft and the conservative Republicans, TR formed the Progressive Party, or the Bull Moose Party. • It represented the progressive part of the Republican Party. • It stood for the direct election of Senators, adoption of the initiative, referendum, and recall, women’s suffrage, workers’ compensation, an eight-hour workday, minimum wage for women, a ban on child labor, and the regulation of business.

18. What parties ran in the 1912 election and what was the result? • Taft ran as a conservative Republican. • TR ran as a progressive Republican. • Woodrow Wilson ran as a Democrat. • Eugene Debs ran as a socialist. • Due to the split in the Republican vote, Wilson won. • Wilson’s campaign promised a ‘New Freedom,’ which entailed stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs. • The popularity of the reform candidates highlighted the American people’s desire for the government to correct social injustices.

19. What were some of the major accomplishment’s under Wilson’s administration? • The Clayton Antitrust Act made unions and strikes legal and monopolies illegal. It also established the Federal Trade Commission, which acted as a ‘watchdog’ agency to regulate business corruption. • The Underwood Act of 1913 substantially reduced tariffs. Wilson lobbied for this by establishing the State of the Union. • The Sixteenth Amendment legalized a graduated income tax. • The Federal Reserve System established a private banking system under federal control. • The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote in 1920. It was passed in part due to radical efforts by new suffragettes, like Lucy Burns and Alice Paul, but also due to women’ significant contributions to the country during WWI.

20. What was the major failure of the Progressive Era? • Although BTW and WEBD fought for civil rights, race relations actually worsened into the 20th century. • Wilson, in particular, due to his southern upbringing, re-segregated the federal government and opposed an anti-lynching ban. • WEBD would channel his efforts into the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, however.