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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. Free Energy And Thermodynamics. I. Directionality of Reactions. Question? Why do some reactions (processes) occur in one direction while others in another? A. Product-Favored Reactions (Processes)

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 Free Energy And Thermodynamics

  2. I. Directionality of Reactions Question? Why do some reactions (processes) occur in one direction while others in another? A. Product-Favored Reactions (Processes) 1. Occurs spontaneously, as written from left to right, without outside help or intervention. 2. Kc >1 3. Reaction occurs on its own 4. Tells us nothing about rate (speed of reaction)

  3. B. Reactant-Favored Reactions (Processes) 1. Occurs nonspontaneously as written from left to right. 2. Kc < 1 3. Reaction tends to proceed in opposite direction as written. 4. Tells us nothing about the rate or speed of reaction. Examples of Each Type Significance of being able to understand and predict direction. (Is reaction spontaneous?)

  4. II. Probability and Chemical Rxns Dispersal of Energy What is the likely flow of energy in a natural process? 1. If a thousand bricks are dropped from an airplane, would you expect them to land in the form of a brick wall? 2. If you dropped a mixed deck of cards, would you expect them to land in order? 3. Would you expect the elevated circle of water around where a rock fell to remain motionless?

  5. 4. Would you expect one end of a metal rod to spontaneously get hot while the other end gets cold? Dispersal of Energy occurs because the probability is much higher that energy will be spread over many particles than that it will be concentrated in a few. Entropy , “S”, is a measure of the randomness or disorder of energy. It relates macroscopically to the randomness or disorder on the molecular scale.

  6. Example – Melting of Ice At 250C (Room Temp) H2O (s) → H2O (l) Is the system exothermic? (ΔH “+” or “-”?) Is the process product-favored (spontaneous)? Why?

  7. Explanation Both enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) for the system are important in determining whether the process is spontaneous (product-favored) or not. Process (at 250C) is spontaneous because entropy of system is more significant factor in this case.

  8. III. Closer Look At Entropy • Qualitative Guidelines for Predicting Entropy of Process or Reaction 1. Entropy of gases are generally much larger than those of liquids, which in turn are larger than those of solids.

  9. Therefore, entropy increases when: Solids melt to form liquids. Solids or liquids vaporize to form gases. 2. Entropies of more complex molecules are larger than those of simpler molecules, especially in a series of closely related compounds. The more atoms in molecules (higher molar mass), the greater is the entropy of the substance. 3. Entropies of ionic solids are larger the weaker the attractions among the ions.

  10. 4. Entropy usually increases when a pure liquid or solid dissolves in a solvent.

  11. 5. Entropy decreases when a gas dissolves in a liquid. 6. Entropy increases when a chemical reaction produces an increase in the number of gas molecules.

  12. Predict whether the entropy change will be positive or negative for each reaction or system. Explain your answer. NaCl(s)  Na+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) CO2(g) + MgO(s)  MgCO3(s) H2O(g)  H2O(l) N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g)

  13. Absolute Entropy Values 1. Entropy can be measured with calorimeter for a process that takes place at constant T and P. ΔS = q/T (T in Kelvin scale) 2. Entropy is temperature dependent. (predicted by Kinetic Molecular Theory) 3. What happens to entropy when T = 0 K?

  14. 4. Third Law of Thermodynamics- the entropy of a perfect crystal = 0 at absolute zero. 5. Standard Molar Entropy Values can be determined. See Appendix II or Table 17.2 S0 = J / K mol (at 298 K) 6. Remember these are absolute values for both elements and compounds. ( Not like ΔH values which were measured relative to elements in their most stable state. Standard enthalpies of formation (ΔH0f) of elements are arbitrarily set to zero.)

  15. C. Entropy Calculations 1. Determining the Entropy Change For a Reaction (System) “Since entropy is a state function and is thus path independent, we can use a Hess=s Law type calculation. Remember we are working with absolute entropies.” ΔS0rxn = S0products - S0reactants ΔS0rxn = ∑{(moles of prod.)x So(prod.)} - ∑{(moles of react.)x So(react.)}

  16. Example Problem: Calculate the standard entropy change (ΔS0) for the following reaction. Standard molar entropies are found in Appendix J or Table 18.1. 2 CO(g) + O2(g)  2 CO2(g) S0 (J K-1 mol-1) 197.6 205.1 213.7 What is the standard entropy change for the reaction: 2 CO2(g)  2 CO(g) + O2(g) ?

  17. Example : Freezing of Water At -100C (Below FP of Water) H2O (l) → H2O (s) Is the system exothermic? (ΔH “+” or “-”?) Is ΔS for the system “+” or “-” ? Is the process product-favored (spontaneous) at -100C ? Why?

  18. Explanation Both enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) for the system are important in determining whether the process is spontaneous (product-favored) or not. Process (at -100C) is spontaneous. Let’s explain why relative to total entropy of universe.

  19. D. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics “The total entropy of the universe (the system plus its surroundings) always increases for a spontaneous process.” ΔSuniverse = ΔSsystem + Δssurroundings Δsuniverse > O (or “+” ) We have calculated ΔSsystem = ΔSreaction by using Hess’s Law. If we can determine ΔSsurroundings , we can predict whether a reaction is product favored (spontaneous).

  20. Calculate ΔH for the reaction and assume that this quantity of thermal energy is transferred reversibly to or from the surroundings. ΔSsurroundings = - ΔHrxn / T Therefore: We could use this information to predict if reaction is product favored. But lets simplify.

  21. Multiply both sides by –T(Kelvin scale) : Simplify and rearrange: Define Free Energy:

  22. IV. Gibbs Free Energy A. Definition of Gibbs Free Energy 1. New thermodynamic function, G 2. ΔG = -TΔSuniverse 3. If entropy of universe increases, the Gibbs free energy must decrease (have a “-” sign). 4. Plugging into previous equation (under standard conditions gives: ΔG0 = ΔH0 – TΔS0

  23. ΔG0 = ΔH0 – TΔS0 If ΔG0 is negative (-), the reaction is product-favored (spontaneous). If ΔG0 is positive (+), the reaction is reactant-favored (nonspontaneous) To predict the direction of reaction:

  24. Spontaneous or Product- ΔG0 = ΔH0 - TΔS0 Favored?ΔG0ΔH0ΔS0 Yes- - + Yes, low T ? - - No, high T No, low T ? + + Yes, high T No + + -

  25. B. Free Energy Calculations Two Methods 1. From ΔH0 and ΔS0 Values ΔG0 = ΔH0 - T ΔS0 2. From Hess’s Law Type Calculation (from Table of Standard Free Energies of Formation – see Appendix II or Table 17.3 ΔGo = ∑{(moles of prod.) Gof (prod.)} - ∑{(moles of react.) Gof (react.)}

  26. 1. Calculate ΔG0 for the reaction below. 2 Fe2O3(s) + 3 C(gr)  4 Fe(s) + 3 CO2 (g) ΔHof-824.2 o 0-393.5 S0 87.4 5.74 27.78 213.7 ΔGof -742.1 0 0 -394.4 (ΔHof and ΔGof in kJ/mol, S0 in J/K mol) a. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? b. Does entropy increase or decrease for the reaction? (Predict first, then verify) c. Is the reaction product-favored or reactant- favored?

  27. V. Temperature Effects and Reaction Direction A. Explanation 1. A reaction may be product-favored at one temperature and reactant-favored at another. 2. How can we estimate that temperature? Its where ΔGrxn equals zero. (ΔGrxn will switch from “-” to “+’ or switch from “+” to “-” at that T. ΔG0 = ΔH0 – TΔS0 0 = ΔH0 – TΔS0 T = ΔH0 / ΔS0

  28. B. Problem For the reaction previously discussed: 2 Fe2O3(s) + 3 C(gr)  4 Fe(s) + 3 CO2 (g) the following thermodynamic data was determined. ΔH0rxn = +467.9 kJ ΔG0rxn = +301.0 kJ ΔS0rxn = +560.2 J/K 1. What is ΔG0rxn at 250C ? 2. Determine (estimate) ΔGrxn at 500 Kelvin. 3. At what temperature will the reaction become product-favored or exergonic?

  29. VI. Free Energy & Equilibrium A. ΔG and K Give Similar Information ** ΔG (Gibbs Free Energy) tells you whether a reaction is spontaneous or not. It tells you whether a reaction will proceed to products or not. ** K (equilibrium constant) tells you how much product or reactants will be present at equilibrium. It tells you whether a reaction will proceed to product or not.

  30. B. Mathematical Relationship ΔG = ΔG0 + RT lnQ At equilibrium: ΔG =0 Q = Keq Therefore: ΔG0 = -RTlnKeq

  31. ΔG0 = -RTlnKeq 1) T = temperature in Kelvin scale 2) R = gas constant (8.314 J / mol K) 3) Keq = Kc for reactions involving solutions 4) Keq = Kp for reactions involving gases 5) Keq = Ksp for equlibrium of slightly soluble salts ΔGo Keq Product -Favored Positive <1 no Negative >1 yes zero 1 neither

  32. C. Problem Solving 1. Determination of Free Energy The following reaction conducted at a temperature of 968K, was found to have an equilibrium constant of Kp = 49.7. H2(g) + I2(g)  2 HI(g) Is the reaction product favored? What is the value of the standard Gibbs Free Energy for the reaction at this temperature?

  33. 2. Determination of Equilibrium Constant Answer the following questions for the reaction and information provided. 2 Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(g)  4 HCl(g) + O2 (g) ΔHof 0 -241.82 -92.31 0 S0 223.07188.83 186.91 205.14 ΔGof 0 -228.57 -95.30 0 (ΔHof and ΔGof in kJ/mol, S0 in J/K mol) a. Determine the equilibrium constant for the reactionat 298K. b. Is the reaction reactant or product favoredat 298K?

  34. VII.Significance of Sign and Size of ΔG0 Large, negative DG°; equilibrium lies far to right. Intermediate DG°; equilibrium lies in intermediate position. Large, positive DG°; equilibrium lies far to left.

  35. VIII. Gibbs Free Energy and Maximum Work ΔG represents the maximum useful work that can be done by a product favored-reaction on the surroundings. Calculate the maximum useful work (energy) that can be produced from the complete combustion of 8.0 g of methane under standard conditions?

  36. IX. Coupling Reactions and Metabolism Glucose is degraded in our body through a series of chemical reactions which is called a metabolic pathway (glycolysis). glucose glucose 6-P fructose 6-P glyceraldehyde 3-P fructose 1,6-BP 3-phosphoglycerate pyruvate

  37. Consider the first reaction: glucose + Pi  glucose 6-P + H2O ΔG0 = + 13.8 kJ How can this reaction occur in the body? By coupling of reactions glucose + Pi  glucose 6-P + H2O ΔG0 = + 13.8 kJ ATP + H2O  ADP + Pi ΔG0 = - 30.5 kJ glucose + ATP  glucose 6-P + ADP ΔG0 = - 16.7 kJ Net coupled reaction is product-favored and metabolic pathway may continue to occur!!

  38. X. Thermodynamic vs. Kinetic Stability Thermodynamically Stable: if a substance does not undergo product-favored reactions. Kinetically Stable: if a substance may be involved in a product-favored reaction, but it is so slow that the substance is stable. Example: Aluminum (in soda cans) Thermodynamically unstable: 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 Al2O3(s) ΔG0 = - 3164.6 kJ Aluminum cans do not decompose readily, Why??

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