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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Review

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Review. PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE. Nervous System vs. Endocrine System. 3) Hormones travel more slowly than nerve impulses, the endocrine system tends to regulate slow processes such as growth and metabolism. Major Endocrine Organs. Pineal gland.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Review

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  1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEMReview PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE

  2. Nervous System vs. Endocrine System 3) Hormones travel more slowly than nerve impulses, the endocrine system tends to regulate slow processes such as growth and metabolism.

  3. Major Endocrine Organs Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Endocrine cells of the body contained in: Adrenal gland 1. “Pure” endocrine organs

  4. Major Endocrine Organs Hypothalamus Endocrine cells of the body contained in: Thymus Pancreas 2. “Partly” endocrine organs Gonads

  5. CLASSES OF HORMONES AMINO ACID-BASED • Most hormones • Proteins • Modified amino acid peptides STEROIDS • Lipid molecules derived from cholesterol • Sex hormones • Adrenal cortex hormones

  6. CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION • Humoral • Neural • Hormonal

  7. CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION • Humoral- influenced by plasma concentration of the substance. Low Ca2+ blood concentration Parathyroid gland Parathyroid gland Parathormone secretion Nephron, intestinal cells Action

  8. CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION Preganglionic SNS fibers Adrenal medulla 2. Neural- SNS stimulation Medulla of adrenal gland Adrenaline secretion Body Actions: “Fight, flight, or fright” response

  9. CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION Releasing hormones 3. Hormonal-influenced by the amount of hormones in the plasma Hypothalamus Releasing hormones Adenohypohysis Stimulating Hormones Thyroid gland Adrenal cortex Gonads (Testis) Thyroxine Cortisol Androgens Body Cortisol Androgens Increase Metabolic rate Anti-stress Sperm formation

  10. MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGAN PITUITARY GLAND

  11. PITUITARY GLAND • Or, hypohysis • Secretes at least 9 major hormones • Location: > Hypophyseal fossa Depression in the Sella turcica of the Spenoid bone

  12. ANATOMY: PITUITARY GLAND infundibulum

  13. Anterior Pituitary Gland

  14. Adenohypophysis • Pars distalis • Pars intermedia • Pars tuberalis

  15. Adenohypophysis • Pars distalis • Largest division • Contains 5 different endocrine cells that make and secrete 7 different hormones

  16. Pars distalis 5 CELL CLASSES: 1. Somatotrophic cell (most abundant) 2. Mammotrophic cells 3. Thyrotrophic cells 4. Corticotrophic cells 5. Gonadotrophic cells Growth Hormone (Somatotrophic Hormone / Somatotropin / GH) Growth of the entire body Prolactin (PRL) Breast milk production Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland stimulation to release thyroid hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenal Cortex stimulation to release glucocorticoids Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin pigment Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Gonads: maturation of sex cells; secretes sex hormones Gonadotropins Leutenizing Hormone (LH) Gonads: maturation of sex cells; secretes sex hormones

  17. Pars distalis 5 CELL CLASSES: Growth Hormone (Somatotrophic Hormone / Somatotropin / GH) Growth of the entire body Act directly on non-endocrine target tissues Prolactin (PRL) Breast milk production M P G Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland stimulation to release thyroid hormone Tropic Hormones - Regulate the secretion of hormones by other Endocrine glands Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenal Cortex stimulation to release glucocorticoids F L A T Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin pigment Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Gonads: maturation of sex cells; secretes sex hormones Leutenizing Hormone (LH) Gonads: maturation of sex cells; secretes sex hormones

  18. HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS Controlled by RELEASING HORMONES and INHIBITING HORMONES - Peripheral Endocrine gland Peripheral Endocrine gland Peripheral Endocrine gland Target cell Target cell

  19. HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM Hypothalamic neurons Releasing hormones are made in Hypothalamic neurons Primary capillary complex Releasing hormones are secreted at the neuron synapse To the primary capillary complex Releasing hormones goes to the Hypophyseal portal vein To the secondary capillary complex Secondary Capillary complex Releasing hormones leaves the plexus & attach to the adenohypophyseal cells Somatotropic Mammotropic Thyrotropic Corticotropic Gonatotropic

  20. Posterior Pituitary Gland

  21. Neurohypophysis 1. Median eminence 2. Infundibular stalk 3. Pars nervosa Median eminence Infundibular stalk Pars nervosa

  22. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS HORMONE PRODUCTION Hormone produced at neuron cell bodies located at the SUPRAOPTIC and PARAVENTRICULAR nuclei of the Hypothalamus Hormones are transported along the axons (Hypothalamic-hypophyseal Tract) Upon stimulation, stored hormones are released in the capillary bed for distribution throughout the body Hormones are stored in dilated axon terminals called HERRING BODIES ADH Oxytocin

  23. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS: Hormones

  24. MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGAN THYROID GLAND

  25. THYROID GLAND located in the anterior neck; on the trachea just inferior to the larynx

  26. PARATHYROID GLAND Located at the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

  27. PARATHORMONE FUNCTION: Increase blood Calcium level

  28. ADRENAL GLAND ADRENAL CORTEX ADRENAL MEDULLA Balance electrolyte Concentration (Na+/K+) --Inc Na+ Reabsorption --Inc K+ excretion --Inc water reabsorption Mineralocorticoid (Aldosterone) Glucocorticoid (Cortisol) Stress control Glucocorticoid (Cortisol) Produce sex hormone precursor (DHEA) ----Dehydroepiandrosterone---

  29. ADRENAL MEDULLA: Hormones Simulate a “fight, fright, flight response”

  30. PANCREAS

  31. Other Endocrine Glands • Pineal Gland • secretes melatonin • regulates circadian rhythms • Thymus Gland • secretes thymosins • promotes development of certain lymphocytes • important in role of immunity • Reproductive • ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone • testes produce testosterone • placenta produces estrogens, progesterone, and gonadotropins

  32. END

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