CHAPTER 2

1. CHAPTER 2 European Colonization of the Americas 1492-1752

2. 1800 1492 The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 Time Line 1492Columbus makes first voyage. 1533Pizarro conquers Inca Empire. 1608Champlain claims Quebec for France. 1521Cortés conquers Aztec Empire. 1607English found Jamestown. 1754French and Indian War begins.

3. SECTION 1 Spanish Explorers and Colonies

4. I. Explain how Spanish explorers built an empire in the Americas. • A. Building a Spanish Empire • 1. 3G’s – God, Gold, Glory • 2. Hidalgos – young Spanish gentlemen • 3. Conquistadors – Spanish conqueror

5. I. Explain how Spanish explorers built an empire in the Americas. • B. Spain’s Major Explorers • 1. Juan Ponce de Leon – “Fountain of Youth” - Florida • 2. Vasco Nunez de Balboa – Panama – North/South America • a. Isthmus – narrow strip of land joining two land masses • 3. Ferdinand Magellan – • a. Sailed around the southern tip of South America to the Pacific • b. Circumnavigate – sail around the Earth • 4. Hernan Cortes – Conquered the Aztecs • 5. Francisco Pizarro – Conquered the Incas

6. I. Explain how Spanish explorers built an empire in the Americas. • C. Control of the Spanish Empire • 1. Colonies – land settled by immigrants who continue to be subjects of the parent country • 2. Spanish conquered lands in what today is Mexico and Peru • 3. Mestizos – people of mixed Spanish and Native American blood

7. II. Describe why the Spanish encouraged settlement in regions of North America. • A. Francisco Coronado – searched for the “City of Gold” • B. Hernan de Soto – explored the Southeast – Alabama – for gold • C. Forts for Defense • 1. established outposts to protect trade routes • 2. St. Augustine, Florida – first permanent Spanish city • D. Missions • 1. Presidios – Spanish fort • 2. Mission – place where missionaries lived – Catholic Church

8. III. Summarize the causes and effects of Native American resistance to the Spanish. • A. Apache refused to cooperate • B. Pueblo Revolt of 1680 – armed resistance to the Spanish

9. 1 Section Assessment Columbus arrives in Americas. Spanish Conquests in the Americas 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the major events in the establishment of Spain’s empire in the Americas beginning with Columbus’s arrival. Conquistadors colonize the Southwest United States. Pizarro conquers the Inca. Cortés defeats the Aztecs.

10. SECTION 2 The Jamestown Colony

11. I. List reasons why England was interested in exploring and colonizing the Americas. • A. English Explorers • 1. All were in search of the Northern Passage to the Pacific Ocean • 2. John Cabot – Newfoundland, Canada • 3. Henry Hudson – English and Dutch – Hudson River, New York • 4. Sir Francis Drake • a. Privateers – ship hired by a government to attack foreign ships • b. Pirate and Raider

12. II. Describe the English colonies of Roanoke and Jamestown, and Native American reactions to these settlements. • A. Roanoke • 1. Privateers needed a base • 2. Looking for the Northern Passage • 3. New markets and new opportunities • 4. Sir Walter Raleigh – two attempts to establish a colony • 5. Roanoke Disaster – lost colony – starvation - vanished

13. II. Describe the English colonies of Roanoke and Jamestown, and Native American reactions to these settlements. • B. Jamestown • 1. Charter – certificate of permission to establish a colony • 2. Joint-stock Company – venture in which shareholders except a share of the profits • 3. Virginia Company – James River – Chesapeake Bay • 4. Hardships • a. Many settlers refused to work manual labor • b. Get rich quick did not “pan” out • c. Swamps and mosquitoes • d. Poor leadership • 5. Government • a. Royal Colony – colony whose governor is appointed by the King • b. Legislature – an assembly that makes laws • c. House of Burgesses – colonial legislature

14. II. Describe the English colonies of Roanoke and Jamestown, and Native American reactions to these settlements. • C. Native American react • 1. Attacks and uneasy truces

15. III. Explain the role of tobacco in Virginia and how it contributed to Bacon’s Rebellion. • A. Tobacco became the foundation of the colony’s economy • B. Grown on plantations and requires intense labor • C. Indentured servants – person who contracted to work for a master • D. Bacon’s Rebellion • 1. Nathaniel Bacon raised a army to fight Native American for land • 2. Governor did not give Bacon permission • 3. Bacon revolted against the government of Jamestown • a. Frontiers were frustrated • b. Colonists could stand against their goverment

16. SECTION 3 The New England Colonies

17. I. Summarize French exploration and colonization in North America. • A. French in North America • 1. Jacques Cartier – New France – Canada – nothing permanent • 2. Samuel de Champlain – 1st Successful French Colony – Quebec • B. Fur Trade • 1. Fur and skins used in fashion • 2. Native Americans trapped animals, collected fur, and traded to French • 3. Water was vital for transporting goods • 4. French and Dutch hoped to gain trading opportunities in the Northeast

18. I. Summarize French exploration and colonization in North America. • C. The Iroquois • 1. Fur trade with the French increased warfare among Native Americans over hunting territory • 2. Several tribes joined together to form the Iroquois Nation • 3. Iroquois Nation forced rivals out of their homeland

19. II. Describe the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies in New England. • A. Plymouth Colony • 1. New England colonies – Northeast - CT, RI, MA, VT, NH, ME • 2. Puritans and Separatists • a) first success in New England was founded as a result of religious conflicts in England • b) wanted to set up their own societies • c) In England, the Catholic Church broke and the King formed the protestant Anglican Church • d) Puritans wanted “purer” churches and started “separate” churches • e) Puritans and Separatists suffered persecution or attacks on their beliefs

20. II. Describe the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies in New England. • A. Plymouth Colony • 3. Voyage of the Mayflower • a) Pilgrims – one group of Separatists • b) sailed to New England 1620 • c) Mayflower Compact – settlers agreed to obey all their government’s laws – showed that Pilgrims expected to decide how to governor themselves “self-government” • d) William Bradford – governor – people guide their own affairs

21. II. Describe the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies in New England. • B. The Massachusetts Bay Colony • 1. Great Migration – wave of English migration to the New World • 2. Reasons for migrating - • a) live where they could worship as they wanted and to set up their own societies • b) did not believe in religious tolerance – or the idea that people of different religions should live in peace together • c) everyone in Massachusetts Bay Colony had to attend the Puritan Church • d) adamantly rejected different ideas and cultures

22. II. Describe the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies in New England. • B. The Massachusetts Bay Colony • 3. Well-ordered community • a) cleared forests for farmland • 4. Salem Witch Trials • a) Massachusetts authorities ordered 20 men and women to die by hanging after be accused of being influenced by the devil • 5. Other Puritan Colonies • a) Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine • 6. Other Separatist Colonies • a) some left because of religious conflict • b) Rhode Island – Roger Williams • 1) guaranteed religious tolerance to all settlers • c) New Haven, CT and Exeter, NH

23. II. Describe the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies in New England. • C. Anne Hutchinson • 1. Puritan mother of 14 • 2. Did not accept Puritan authority • 3. “unfit for society”

24. III. Explain why war broke out between the Indians and the Puritans. • A. War with the Indians • 1. sachem – word for a Native American leader • 2. English settlers were pushing natives out of their homelands • 3. threatened Natives way of life • a) destroyed forests • b) cut down trees and made fences • c) pastures • B. The Pequot War 1. English burned natives fort, hunted down and killed natives

25. III. Explain why war broke out between the Indians and the Puritans. • C. King Philip’s War • 1. Metacom – native leader also known by English name King Philip • 2. trade developed between natives and English • 3. Metacom united Indian groups to drive out the English • a) he and his warriors destroyed 17 English towns • 4. King Philip’s War • a) brutality on both sides • b) New England settlers came to dominate in the region • c) Native Americans lost large numbers of population

26. SECTION 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies

27. I. Explain the early history of the Dutch in New York. • A. Middle Colonies • 1. NY, NJ, PA, DE • 2. middle of Atlantic Coast • 3. diversity – variety of people • B. Dutch in New York • 1. Dutch came from Holland or the Netherlands (same place) • 2. New Amsterdam – Hudson River • 3. Manhattan Island and Albany • 4. fur traders also farmers of wheat and rye • 5. religious tolerance • a) synagogue – house of Jewish worship

28. I. Explain the early history of the Dutch in New York. • C. England takes over • 1. English king declared entire region belonged to his brother the Duke of York • 2. Dutch were defenseless • 3. New Amsterdam renamed New York

29. II. Describe the founding of the other Middle Colonies. • A. New York was a proprietary colony – granted by a king or queen to an individual 1. Proprietor – owner • B. New Jersey • C. Delaware – started by Sweden • D. Pennsylvania – William Penn “Penn’s woods” 1. Quakers – Protestant – believed all people should be treated equal 2. PA was a haven – or safe place – for every faith 3. German Lutherans, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, Swiss Mennonites

30. III. Compare the reasons for settlement of the Southern Colonies. • A. Virginia, Maryland, Carolinas, Georgia • B. Maryland – George Calvart and son Lord Baltimore – Roman Catholic • 1. grew tobacco • 2. used enslaved Africans • 3. slaves were considered to be property

31. III. Compare the reasons for settlement of the Southern Colonies. • C. Carolinas – split into North and South • 1. grew tobacco • 2. traded with the Native Americans • D. Georgia • 1. setup and managed by trustees • 2. led by James Oglethorpe

32. Consequences of the Slave Trade In Africa In the Americas 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. The Atlantic Slave Trade 4 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the ways in which the Atlantic slave trade affected both Africa and the Americas. Loss of significant population Significant labor supply Increase in civil war and strife through the introduction of guns Expertise in farming techniques Families torn apart Introduction of African culture Cultures lost Mixed races

33. Colonization- establishing settlements outside the parent country Who colonized North America??

34. Colonization- establishing settlements outside the parent country Who colonized North America?? ANSWER! Spain, France, and England

35. What would be an appropriate title for this map?

36. What would be an appropriate title for this map? ANSWER!: Spanish holdings in Florida, the Caribbean, Central America, and part of South America

37. What were the goals of Spanish Conquistadors?

38. What were the goals of Spanish Conquistadors? ANSWER! GOLD, GLORY, and GOD

39. What would be an appropriate title for this map?

40. What would be an appropriate title for this map? ANSWER!: English holdings along the east coast of North America

41. How did the arrival of the English and Spanish impact the Native American population?

42. How did the arrival of the English and Spanish impact the Native American population? ANSWER! -Violent conflicts -Lost traditional territories -Victim of diseases carried by Europeans

43. What was the most devastating result of European colonization on the Native American population?

44. What was the most devastating result of European colonization on the Native American population? ANSWER! Diseases carried by Europeans SMALLPOX

45. What would be an appropriate title for this map?

46. What would be an appropriate title for this map? ANSWER!: French holdings in North America, including Canada, the Great Lakes, Ohio River, and Mississippi River regions.

47. Why did the French have better relations with the First Americans than the English or Spanish?

48. French- interested in trading with the Indians *Small population *Relations with Indians Cooperative/Peaceful