Viruses and Six Kingdoms

1. Viruses and Six Kingdoms

2. Viruses are non living things. • Viruses cannot grow, maintain homeostasis, process energy or reproduce without a host cell. • Composed of a protein coat and a nucleic acid. (RNA or DNA). • Parts of a virus: • Nucleic Acid – DNA or RNA • Capsid-protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid • Lipid Envelope- Not present in all viruses.

3. Two ways viruses replicate: • Lysogenic Cycle- invades the host cell, integrates its DNA into the host DNA, begins to replicate with the host cell. Temperate. • Certain chemicals, etc. can cause the viral DNA to move into the lytic cycle. • Ex. Herpes • Lytic Cycle-invades a host cell, makes new viruses then destroys the cell by releasing the new viruses. Virulent. • Ex. Flu

4. Treatment and Prevention • Vaccinations • Chemicals that stimulate the body’s immune system. • If your immune system is prepared to fight a disease you will not become symptomatic. • Treatment-Viruses are difficult to cure. • Some drugs will keep the virus in a dormant (lysogenic) staganti-viral e but it is still there. Ex. Herpes, HIV • Some viruses your body can fight. Ex. Common Cold, Flu

5. Bacteria • Simple, single-celled organisms. • Can be harmful and helpful. • There are two groups of bacteria. • Archaebacteria-old, extreme bacteria • Eubacteria-newer, disease causing • Three basic shapes: • Bacilli-rod shaped • Cocci-sphere shaped • Spirilla- spiral shaped

6. Bacterial Reproduction • Cellular Division (asexual) • Since bacteria are only single celled organisms so they copy their DNA and split into two organisms. • Conjugation (sexual) • Two living bacteria bind together and one bacterium transfers genetic information (DNA) to the other. • Why might this be a problem?

7. Antibiotics • Vaccination exist for bacterial infections as well. • Antibiotics fight bacteria only!!!! • When bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic the weak die first. There may be some mutants that remain or some bacteria are left behind. • These bacteria can reproduce and conjugate forming a new population of resistant bacteria!!!!

8. Kingdom Protista • Protists are unicellular (mostly) and eukaryotic. • Animal-like: Some protists can move independently and are heterotrophic. • Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium, Foraminifera • Plant-like: protists that are autotrophic and cannot move independently. • Ex. Algae (only multicellular protist): Diatoms and Dinoflagellates, Spirogyra…… • Fungus-like: These protists heterotrophic (decomposers) and do not move independently. Ex. Slime molds

10. Ecological Significance of Protists • Algae is the Earth’s main source of carbon dioxide fixing!!! Thanks algae  • Algal Blooms pollute water and kill fish. Ex. Red Tide http://www.rr.com/video/2310023154

12. Protist Diseases • Malaria is caused by a protist that is carried in the mosquito gut. • African Sleeping Sickness is caused by a protist and carried by the Tse Tse fly.

13. Plants Day 1:General Plant Information • All Plants are • Multicellular • Autotrophic (even the carnivorous plants) • Eukaryotic • Non-motile • Cell Walls • Create a venn diagram to compare and contrast plants and fungus (station #1)

14. Plant Tissues/Parts • Leaves-collect sunlight for photosynthesis and release gases and excess water through stomata (little mouths). • Contain vascular tissue. • Can be modified for the environment. • Vascular tissue-used as a transport system in plants. Xylem carries water and phloem carries sugars (food). • Roots-absorb water from the soil and support the plant. Tiny root hairs increase water absorption. • Stems-support and structure for the plant. They contain vascular tissue.

16. Major Groups of Plants • Bryophytes-mosses and worts • Nonvascular Plants-do not have special tissue to transport water and nutrients. • No roots, stems or leaves • Use spores to reproduce sexually • Ferns • vascular plants • without seeds-use spores to reproduce sexually • Because ferns have vascular tissue they can grow much larger than mosses.

17. Seeds! • What are the benefits of producing seeds? • Can be dormant until proper moisture/temperature • Edible but not destroyed • Adaptations to fly or be carried on animals • Increases the chance of successful offspring • Plants are to seeds as Fungus is to ____________.

19. Gymnosperms “naked seeds”-pine trees • Vascular Tissue • First plant to evolve with seeds but they are not kept in a fruit • Angiosperms “flowering plants”-pumpkins, apple trees, tomatoes • Vascular Tissue • Seeds contained within a fruit • If a plant has a fruiting body it must have a flower.

20. Plant Day 1 Stations/ 4.0 • Read the instructions and different stations in your plastic sheet. • All needed materials will be rotated to your table. • Stations will rotate every 15 minutes. • Questions?

22. Pistil

23. Plant Practice • What part of the flower attracts pollinators? 2. What part of the flower produces pollen? 3. True or False: The pistil is the female part of the flower. 4. True or False: The ovary becomes the fruit to hold the seeds. 5. True orFalse: A plant that produces a flower is called a gymnosperm.

24. Animal Notes / 4.0What is an Animal? • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic • Motile • Sexual Reproduction • More advanced systems

25. Differences in the Animal Kingdom • Vertebrates-Have a backbone • Invertebrates-Do not have a backbone • Trends in evolution: • Symmetry: Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral(cephalization) • Cells to tissues to organs to organ systems • Sponges are the least advanced (most primitive) animal. Sponges do not have specialized tissues. • Chordates are the most advanced. We have backbones and organ systems

27. annelids

28. Insects

29. amphibians

30. Mammals (look in a mirror)

31. Animal Function Chart! • Complete the chart using the key for the 4 highlighted animal groups. • You may use a textbook, phone (online notes) and previous knowledge. • 20 minutes

32. Major Groups of Animals • Annelids • Invertebrates with segmented bodies • Closed Circulatory System: Blood is enclosed in tubes • Nephridia: Organ for excretion (like a kidney) • Sexual Reproduction: Annelids are hermaphrodites (have male and female genitalia) • Primitive Brain • Insects • Invertebrates with an exoskeleton and jointed appendages • Open Circulatory System: Blood is not enclosed in tubes and ‘washes over’ organs. • Complete Metamorphosis= to completely change forms. Ex. Catepillar to butterfly. • Trachea is used for gas exchange (respiration) • Malpighian tubules to excrete waste. • Social Structure and communication through pheromones. Ex. Ants following a trail. • Brain and advanced sensory organs

33. Major groups of animals cont. • Amphibians: Vertebrates (chordates) that live part of their life in water and part on land • Ectothermic =cold blooded • Closed Circulatory System powered by a 3 chambered heart • Metamorphosis = change through development. Ex. Tadpole to a frog. • Lay eggs usually in the water. • Mammals: Vertebrates (chordates), Hair, Mammary Glands • Closed Circulatory System and Advanced Nervous System • Internal Fertilization/Mostly Live Birth Eutherians (Placental), Marsupial (pouch), Egg-laying mammals ex. Humans ex. Kangaroo ex. Platypus