Where Have W e B een and Where A re W e G oing?

1. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • 1607: Jamestown, the first permanent British settlement • 1619 Virginia House of Burgesses: the first representative government group in the colonies • 1620: Plymouth, the second permanent British settlement • 1620 Mayflower Compact: established self government in the colonies

2. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • The 13 original British Colonies • New England Region: • Very religious • Little farming due to poor soil and weather • Lots of industry and trading • Urban areas and large cities • Middle Region: • The “breadbasket” colonies (grew wheat and barley) • Most religiously tolerant • Most ethnically and religiously diverse • Mild weather • Southern Region: • Lots of farming (including using slaves for labor) • Cash Crops: tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton • Least religious region • More rural areas and few cities

3. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • The French and Indian War: 1754-1763 • Named by the colonist because they fought two enemies--the French and their Native American allies. • Albany Plan of Union – colonists tried to unite officially to fight the French, but….naaaah! • Britain and France were fighting over control and rights to the Ohio River Valley, which had rich trading resources there. • War was only on North American soil, but was a part of the larger struggle between England and France for control of world trade and power on the seas. • Once the British won the war, the Treaty of Paris of 1763 was established and France had to give their land east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain.

4. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • The French and Indian War caused major issues and problems for the colonists: • 1. Also as a result of the war, the British began taxingthe colonists to pay for the war because it was on the colonists’ soil and the war was fought to protect the colonists. • 2. King George III of Britain passed the Proclamation of 1763, which stopped colonists from moving out west past the Appalachian Mountains.

5. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • To pay for the French and Indian War, the British passed a set of laws/rules called the British Policies (the “oh no, they didn’t’s) on the colonists. This caused a lot of friction and anger. • 1764 Sugar Act • 1765 The Stamp Act • 1766 The Declaratory Act • 1767 Townshend Acts • 1773 Tea Act • 1774 Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

6. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • Those British Policies causes a lot anger and friction with the colonist: • James Otis “No taxation without representation” • Sons of Liberty, Samuel Adams • 1765 Stamp Act Congress, • Created in response to the Stamp Act • Daughters of Liberty • 1770 The Boston Massacre • Crispus Attucks is killed • 1772 Samuel Adams sets up a committee of correspondence • 1773 Boston Tea Party • 1774 First Continental Congress • 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord • 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill • 1775 Second Continental Congress • The Continental Army is established • 1776 Thomas Paine writes Common Sense

7. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • Imagine Great Britain as an overbearing and overprotective parent to their child (the child being the 13 colonies)…………

8. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • July 4th, 1776 Thomas Jefferson writes the Declaration of Independence • The Declaration has 4 major parts: • 1. the preamble, or introduction • 2-3. lists the rights the colonists believed they should have and their complaints/grievances against Britain. • 4. proclaims the existence of a new nation.

9. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • The American Revolution begins, 1776-1783 Loyalists vs. Patriots in the colonies __ April 19th, 1775 Lexington and Concord “Shot heard ‘round the world” • 1777 Battle of Saratoga • Americans win – turning point of the war—French come in on American side • 1777-1778 Valley Forge -- rough winter, but got discipline! • 1781 Battle of Yorktown • Americans win and Cornwallis surrenders • 1783 The Treaty of Paris 1783 is signed and ends the war

10. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • The colonists/Americans win the war…NOW WHAT?!?

11. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • If you had an overbearing and overprotective parent all of your life and then all of a sudden gained your freedom and independence, how would you act? What kinds of rules would you want?

12. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • 1777 Articles of Confederation were written during the Revolutionary war • 1781 All states approve the Articles of Confederation • The Americans experience with British rule made Americans cautious abut placing too much power in the hands of a single ruler or federal government.

13. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • The Articles of Confederation: • It was the first U.S. Constitution (the rough draft) • Government had one branch, legislative (Congress) • No chief executive office • States retained sovereignty • Congress with one representative per state • Both states and congress could print currency and make coins • Congress could not collect taxes

15. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • Positives about the Articles of Confederation: • The Northwest Ordinance 1787: • Created a single northwest territory out of the lands of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River (the areas that were restricted due to the Proclamation of 1763 • The Ordinance was created to establish a procedure for surveying and selling western lands north of the Ohio River. • It also set procedures for the territory to become a state. • It banned slavery • The Ordinance paved a way for settlement of the northwest territory in an orderly way.

16. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • Problems with the Articles of Confederation: • Congress could not raise taxes to pay off the war debts • 1787 Shay’s Rebellion showed Americans that the national government did not have enough power to control unrest • Slavery was starting to become illegal in the north and this caused a division between the north and south.

17. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • James Madison and Alexander Hamilton started a demand of reform of the Articles of Confederation. • They argued that the national government was too weak and that the states had all of the power • This will lead to the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention in 1787, where 55 delegates from the 13 states worked together to revise the Articles of Confederation • Here, James Madison too detailed notes during the convention and from those notes, he authored the basic plan of government that the Convention adopted. • He is called the father of Constitution

18. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • NOT everyone agreed on all issues…so we had to compromise: • The Virginia Plan • The New Jersey Plan • The Three-Fifths Compromise • Even with these compromises, not all people were happy with the new set of government for the United States of America. • The men wanted to finish their work and approve their new Constitution. With the Articles of Confederation, they needed a unanimous vote, which was difficult. So they changed the passing rate to 9 out of 13 votes. • In 1787, the Constitution was signed, with three delegates refusing to sign.

19. Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? • NOT everyone was happy with the new Constitution the way it was, so this will lead to arguments and tension causing two groups to emerge: • The Federalists (supporters of the new Constitution) And • The Anti-Federalists (who opposed the ratification, or approval of the new Constitution without a Bill of Rights to protect the people)…but a few years later… • The Bill of Rights—the first ten amendments to the Constitution is added in 1791.

20. But…in 1787 the Constitution is RATIFIED and becomes the Supreme Law of the Land! At this point, someone is unanimously chosen to be the first president of the United States….. Who would THAT be?!?!?!?