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Punctuation

Punctuation. Mr. Whitehead. Five Rules for using Commas. Commas tell your readers when to pause in their reading. Commas also help separate words and phrases that shouldn't be blended into the rest of the sentence. Most comma usage is covered by the following five rules. Rule 1.

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Punctuation

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  1. Punctuation Mr. Whitehead

  2. Five Rules for using Commas • Commas tell your readers when to pause in their reading. • Commas also help separate words and phrases that shouldn't be blended into the rest of the sentence. • Most comma usage is covered by the following five rules.

  3. Rule 1 • In a list of three or more items, place a comma after each item except the last. • Examples • I am taking art, music, and gym class this semester. • Pat’s favorite hobbies are bike riding, collecting unusual rocks, and writing science-fiction stories.

  4. Rule 2 • Place a comma before the conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or , yet, so) in a compound sentence.th • Remember a compound sentence expresses two or more complete thoughts; each thought could be made into a simple sentence without adding any words. • Examples • Marcus ran to catch the bus, but he was too late.

  5. Rule 3 • Place a comma after an introductory phrase or clause. • You’ll know the phrase or clause is introductory, if what follows it is a complete thought. • Examples • Because he was so funny, Charlie was very popular with other kids. • If you want to come along, be at the bus stop by 7:30. • At last night’s game, the gym was packed with rowdy fans. • Realizing her error, the principal apologized to the student for accusing him.

  6. Rule 4 • Use commas to set off a phrase that is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. • If you deleted the phrase, the sentence would still make sense. The essential meaning would not change. • Examples • Ashley Skinner, my favorite actress, has a new movie coming out. • Ashley Skinner has a new moving coming out.

  7. Rule 4 • Use commas to set off a phrase that is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. • If you deleted the phrase, the sentence would still make sense. The essential meaning would not change. • Examples • Ashley Skinner, my favorite actress, has a new movie coming out. • Ashley Skinner has a new moving coming out.

  8. Rule 5 • Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions. • Sometimes, writers interrupt their sentences with “side remarks” that aren't’ necessary for the reader to understand the sentence. Set off these remarks with commas. • Examples • Cynthia is, believe I tor not, planning to visit Antarctica next year. • It’s going to be 105 degrees outside today, as a matter of fact. • Not every use of the comma is covered by these rules. For example, you need to use commas in dates and addresses, and to introduce some quotations.

  9. Quotation Marks • Use quotation marks to show when someone is speaking. • Put quotation marks around the exact words spoken. • Alex said, “I’m ready to give my report now.” • “I can’t wait to hear it, Alex,” said Mrs. Frisby. • Quotations are usually introduced or followed by commas, as you can see in the examples. • Periods and commas at the end of quotations always go inside the quotation marks.

  10. Quotation Marks • Question marks and exclamation points go inside quotation marks only if they are part of the quoted material. • “You’re going to miss the bus!” Elizabeth shouted. • Who said, “That hat is funny looking”? • Who asked, “Where is the door?” • Remember to capitalize the first word inside the quotation marks. • Sam yelled at the movie scree, “Look out! There’s a killer crocodile about to strike!” • Seriously?! Sam, you have got to learn to chill,” his sister sniffed.

  11. Question 1 • I am believe it or not an expert mountain climber. • Uncle Roger’s dogs are always sleeping, on his couch. • She wanted to go to the grocery store, and get more lettuce. • We didn’t get to the mall on time, and all the stores were closed.

  12. Question 2 • Mrs. Harris’s cat, Jersey, always jumps into our mailbox. • Mom said, Don’t leave your backpack out on the porch. • Because he was the coach Ray’s dad drove us to practice. • To make a milk shake you need milk ice cream, and a blender.

  13. Question 3 • Who said, “Close the door?” • We have one small problem, the door is stuck shut. • Candace, one of my closest friends, is coming over later. • I hope you’ll remember, that our essays are, due tomorrow.

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