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Grammatical analysis

Grammatical analysis. WS 2004-2005. Marina Nasonova. English word formation. Content. Classification of morphemes Primary word formation Secondary word formation Affixation Prefixation Suffixation Conversion Compounding Neo-classical formations Miscellaneous modes

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Grammatical analysis

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  1. Grammatical analysis WS 2004-2005 Marina Nasonova English word formation Content • Classification of morphemes • Primary word formation • Secondary word formation • Affixation • Prefixation • Suffixation • Conversion • Compounding • Neo-classical formations • Miscellaneous modes • Back-formation • Reduplication • Clipping • Acronyms • Blends

  2. Classification of morphemes • bound vs free • according to function and meaning • lexical • grammatical • inflectional (case ending of nouns, tense ending of verbs) • functional (prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, interjunctions, articles) • derivational (often change the class of lexical morphemes)

  3. Primary word formation A process whereby new formations are created without building of existing morphemes Without any morphological, phonological, or orthographycal motivation: hoover, quark Onomatopoetic words such as bump, squishwhich imitate a sound

  4. Secondary word formation A process whereby words formed from morphemes already accruing in the language Affixation Derivational process whereby a bound morpheme is added either to the beginning → prefixation(rerun, prepay)to the end → suffixation(motherhood, friendship)of a free morpheme Some affixes have far more frequent productive use than other. There are often significant relations between affixes: especially antonymy as with pre- and post-, -ful and -les

  5. Prefixation Negative prefixes:a- dis- in- non- un-amoral disorder incomplete non-smoker unfair Reversative or privative prefixes: de- dis- un-denationalization discoloured undo, unpack Pejorative prefixes: mal- mis- pseudo-malformed misleading pseudo-classicism Prefixes of time and order: ex- fore- post- pre- re-ex-husband foreplay post-war pre-school rebuild Other types are prefixes of degree andsize, of orientationand attitude, locative prefixes and neo-classical prefixes.

  6. Suffixation Prefixes primary effect a semantic modification of the free morpheme. Suffixes primary role is to change the grammatical function of the free morpheme. Noun suffixes: denominal: -age -dom -full -hood -ess -letbaggage kingdom spoonful brotherhood waitress bookletdeverbal: -ant -ee -ation -ment -erparticipant refugee ratification arrangement writerde-adjectival: -ity -nessrapidity happinessAdjective suffixes:denominal: -ish -less -ly -ysnobbish homeless friendly sandydeverbal: -able -ivewashable explosiveAdverb suffixes:-ly -ward(s) -wisecalmly earthwards clockwiseVerb suffixes:there are only few verb-forming suffices and only -ize is highly productive: -ate -en -ify -izelaminate harden simplify symbolize

  7. Conversion Process whereby an item is adopted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Conversion to noun:deverbal: 'state'love, want, desire'event/activity'laugh, fall, search 'object of V'answer, findde-adjectival: there is no very productive pattern of adjective-noun conversion. Misc. examples: I'd like two pints of bitter[=type of beer]. They're running in the final [=final race].comic[=comic actor]Conversion to verb:denominal: 'to put in/on N'bottle, garage'to give N', 'to provide with N'coat, mask, oil, plaster 'to send/go by N'mail, telegraph, bicycle, boatde-adjectival: (transitive verbs) 'to make adj' or 'to make more adj' calm, dry, dirty(intransitive verbs) 'to become adj' empty, narrow, yellowConversion to adjective:denominal: a brick garage ~ the garage is brickreproduction furniture ~ This furniture is reproduction

  8. Compounding Forms which consist of two or more potentially free morphemes combined to form a new lexical unit.houseboat, paleface, policemen, wallpaper Can take place within any of word classes but more productive are nouns and, to a less extent, adjectives. Semantic classification of compound nouns (relation head to compound): Endocentric:the compound is a hyponym of the grammatical head: an armchair is a kind of chair (houseboat, kindergarten). Exocentric or bahuvrihi:the compound is a hyponym of some unexpressed semantic head. Since the semantic head is unexpressed, the compound is frequently seen as metaphoric or synecdochic (redskin, paleface). Appositional:the compound is a hyponym of both elements. (maidservant is a type of maid and a type of servant). Copulative or dvandva:in this case it's not clear which element is the grammatical head. The compound is not a hyponym or either element, but the elements name separate entities while combine to form the entity denoted by the compound. (prince-consort, Swedish-American).

  9. Neo-classical formations English has adopted a large number of Latin and Greek word elements. Majority of prefixes in English are of Latin, Greek or French origin:com- (col-|con-|cor-) is a Latin prefix in collect, communication, conductco- has been appropriated by English and has its own function in co-author, co-chairman There are two types of word formation processes whereby neo-classical formations play an important role: Neo-classical compounds – contain at least one initial or final morpheme of Greek or Latin origin, combined with a free morpheme or another neo-classical morpheme.bio-science, biology, television, agriculture Neo-classical affixes: prefixes: poly-, semi-, mono-, a-, auto-polyglot, semicircle, monologue, atheist, autobiography suffixes: -ic, -al, -ousatomic, specific editorial, psychological virtuous

  10. Miscellaneous modes Back formation is a process whereby word appears to be a suffix is, due to analogy with other derived form, removed from a lexeme to form a new lexical item which will often belong to different word class:to lase←laser, to lech ← lecher, to edit ← editor Reduplicatives are compounds with two or more constituents which are either identical or only slightly different:flip-flop, ping-pong, criss-cross, hocus-pocus Clipping a process whereby a lexeme (simplex or complex) is often shorted to a single syllable. The meaning does not change and lexeme does not change it word class:adfrom advertisement, flu from influenza, plane from airplane, lab from laboratory, prof from professor Acronyms are words formed from initial title or phrase. By alphabetisation the letters are produces individually and not as a word:VIP, DJ, FBI, KGB Other acronyms are pronounced as one word: NATO, UNO, laser, radar Blendsare formations in which a compound is made by 'blending' one word with another: brunch = breakfast+lunch, smog = smoke+fog, motel = motor+hotel

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