Junior Freshman Language Grammar and Grammatical analysis

1. Junior Freshman LanguageGrammar and Grammatical analysis Grammar Lecture 9 Pronouns (3)

2. Pronouns • Personal pronouns • Reflexive pronouns • Interrogative pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Possessive pronouns • Relative pronouns • Indefinite pronouns

3. Reflexive verbs and pronouns • A reflexive verb is a verb which is accompanied by a pronoun, called a reflexive pronoun, which serves ‘to reflect’ the action of the verb back to the subject.

4. Reflexive pronouns

5. Reflexive pronouns • Reflexive pronouns are used only with pronominal verbs (‘les verbespronominaux’). • They always agree with the subject of the sentence. • Like object pronouns, the reflexive pronoun is placed directly in front of the verb in all tenses except the imperative. • e.g. tute lèves → lève-toi

6. Reflexive pronouns • Reflexive pronouns always agree with their subjects, in all tenses and moods. • I will get up • We went to bed • Are you going to shave?

7. Reflexive verbs are common in French. • There are many English expressions that are not reflexive in English, but whose French equivalent is a reflexive verb. • to get up to make a mistake • to go to bed to stop • to wake up to take a walk • to be bored • to have fun

8. Interrogative pronouns • Pronouns that replace a noun and introduce a questions.

9. Reminder • Subject: the person or thing that performs the action of the verb. • Direct object: a noun or pronoun which receives the action of the verb directly, without a preposition between the verb and the noun or pronoun object. • Indirect object: a noun or pronoun which receives the action of the verb indirectly, with the preposition à (to) relating it to the verb.

10. Interrogative pronouns • In both English and French, a different interrogative pronoun is used depending on whether it refers to a ‘person’ or a ‘thing’. • The form of the interrogative pronoun also changes according to its function in the sentence.

11. Interrogative pronouns: subject • In English: • Person: Who is used for the subject of the sentence. • Thing: What is used for the subject of the sentence. • An interrogative pronoun as subject is always followed directly by the verb.

12. Interrogative pronouns: subject • In French: as in English, a different interrogative pronoun is used depending on whether it refers to a person or a thing. • (1) Person: Qui + verb or Qui est-ce qui + verb • (2) Thing: Qu’est-ce qui + verb

13. Interrogative pronouns: direct object • In English: • A different interrogative pronoun is used depending on whether it refers to a person or a thing. • Person: Whom is used for the object of the sentence. • Whom do you know here? • Thing: What is used for the object of the sentence. • What do you want?

14. Interrogative pronouns: direct object • In French: As in English, a different interrogative pronoun is used depending on whether it refers to a person or a thing. • (1) Person: Qui est-ceque+ subject + verb or Qui + verb + subject. • Qui est-cequevousconnaissez? • Qui connaissez-vous?

15. Interrogative pronouns: direct object • (2) Thing: Qu’ est-ceque+ subject + verb or Que + verb + subject. • Qu’est-cequevousvoulez? • Quevoulez-vous?

16. Interrogative pronouns: indirect object and object of a preposition • In English: It is difficult to identify an English interrogative pronoun functioning as an indirect object or as an object of a preposition because the interrogative pronoun is often separated from the preposition of which it is the object.

17. Interrogative pronouns: indirect object and object of a preposition • Who did you speak to? • Who did you get the book from?

18. Interrogative pronouns: indirect object and object of a preposition • Restructuring the sentence: • To establish whether an interrogative pronoun is an indirect object or an object of a preposition, you will have to change the structure of the sentence so that the preposition is places before the interrogative pronoun.

19. Interrogative pronouns: indirect object and object of a preposition • The following sentences have been restructured to avoid a dangling preposition: • Who are you giving the book to? • To whom are you giving the book • What are you contributing to? • To what are you contributing?

20. Interrogative pronouns: indirect object and object of a preposition • Who are you going out with? • With whom are you going out? • What are you writing with? • With what are you writing?

21. Interrogative pronouns: indirect object and object of a preposition • The same form of the interrogative pronoun is used as an indirect object and as an object of a preposition. • However, a different interrogative pronoun is used depending on whether it refers to a person or a thing.

22. Interrogative pronouns: indirect object and object of a preposition • (1) Person: Who (whom) is used for indirect objects and objects of a preposition: • Who did you speak to? • To whom did you speak • Who did you get the book from? • From whom did you get the book?

23. Interrogative pronouns: indirect object and object of a preposition • (2) Thing: What is used for indirect objects and objects of a preposition: • What did you pay with? • With what did you pay?

24. Interrogative pronouns: indirect object and object of a preposition • In French: As in English, the same form of the interrogative pronoun is used as an indirect object (always preceded by the preposition à) and as an object of a preposition (always preceded by a preposition other than à). • As in English, a different interrogative pronoun is used depending on whether it refers to a person or a thing.

25. Interrogative pronouns: indirect object and object of a preposition • (1) Person: The preposition + qui + est-ceque + subject + verb or the preposition + qui + verb + subject. • A qui est-cequevousdonnez le livre? • A qui donnez-vous le livre? • To whom are you giving the book?

26. Avec qui est-cequevoussortez? • Avec qui sortez-vous? • With whom are you going out?

27. (2) Thing: The preposition + quoi + est-ceque+ subject + very or the preposition + quoi + verb + subject. • A quoi est-cequevouscontribuez? • A quoi contribuez-vous? • To what are you contributing?

28. Avec quoi est-cequevousécrivez? • Avec quoi écrivez-vous? • With what are you writing?