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Century Review Part I

Century Review Part I. 1453- 1555. Renaissance. Italy was first to experience Renaissance Reasons: Geography Urbanization Social factors Political variety Education Latin and Greek Trade Routes Printing press Spread humanist ideas. Humanism.

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Century Review Part I

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  1. Century ReviewPart I 1453- 1555

  2. Renaissance • Italy was first to experience Renaissance • Reasons: • Geography • Urbanization • Social factors • Political variety • Education • Latin and Greek • Trade Routes • Printing press • Spread humanist ideas

  3. Humanism • New self- consciousness regarding human beings • Humanism: • Secularism • Classics • Individualism • Power (Machiavelli)

  4. Humanist writers • Petrarch • Father of humanism • Machiavelli • The Prince • Castiglione • Book of the Courtier • Lorenzo de Medici • Civic humanism

  5. Humanist Artists • Common techniques used by artists: • Perspective • Naturalism subject matter • Order and symmetry • Artists begin gaining notoriety • Donatello: • David first full size statue cast in bronze • Brunelleschi: • Il Duomo • Da Vinci: • Mona Lisa, Last Supper • Michelangelo: • Sistine Chapel • Raphael: • School of Athens

  6. Women and the renaissance • Patrons of the Arts • Notable female humanists: • Christine de Pisan • First feminist • Isabella d’ Este • Diplomat • Established school for girls • Wrote letter of literary quality

  7. Renaissance Politics • Variety of govts. • Florence= despotism Medici • Milan= military dictatorship Visconti • Papal states= despotism Papacy • Venice= Republic Merchant families/ Doge • Naples= feudalism Ferdinand of Aragon • Balance of Power • Peace of Lodi (1454)

  8. Northern Renaissance • Strong in Low Countries (Belgium and Netherlands) France, England, Germany. • Emphasized Christian readings • Bible • Writings of early church fathers • Christian Humanism • Spread through printing press

  9. Christian Humanism • Critical of Church abuses • Hoped to maintain unity through reformation • Notable Christian Humanists: • Erasmus • Praise of Folly • More • Utopia

  10. Protestant Reformation • Christian Humanism • Causes: • Indulgences- buying offices • Simony- selling church offices • Nepotism- giving offices to relatives • Pluralism- holding multiple offices • Absenteeism- Not living in region where office is held • Notable Reformers: • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Ulrich Zwingli

  11. Martin Luther • German • Theology: • Sola scriptura- Bible only authority • Sola fide- salvation comes from faith • Sola gratia- salvation comes from God’s grace • Publications: • On the Freedom of the Christian • On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church • An Address to the Nobility of the German Nation • German translation of the Bible • Major Events: • 95 Thesis • Peasants Revolt • Diet of Woms

  12. John Calvin • French, Swiss leader • Theology: • Predestination • Ecclesiastical Ordinances • Publications • Institutes of the Christian Religion

  13. Ulrich Zwingli • Zurich • Theology: • Transubstantiation • Major Events: • Marburg Colloquy • Killed during the Swiss Civil War

  14. Consequences of reformation • Social: • Family was the center of social life • Women earned limited rights (divorce and education) • Literacy for both boys and girls • Protestant work ethic capitalism

  15. English Reformation • Henry VIII • Cause: • Divorce from Catherine of Aragon wasn’t granted by the pope • Consequences: • Act of Supremacy- King as the head of the Catholic Church in England • Act of Succession- legitimate offspring are those conceived w/ Anne Boleyn • Religious Reforms: • Act of Succession Henry VIII • Six Articles Henry VIII • Book of Common Prayer Edward VI • Act of Uniformity Edward VI • Elizabethan Settlement Elizabeth I

  16. Counter- Reformation • New Religious Orders • Ignatious Loyola Jesuits • Teresa of Avila Carmelites • Council of Trent • Eliminated church abuses • Better education for priests • No compromise on religious doctrine • Clerical celibacy • Importance of good works • Authority of papacy • Transubstantiation • Roman Inquisition Index of Forbidden Books • Baroque Art • Bernini

  17. Early monarchies • England, France, Russia, Spain • Centralized govts. • Taxes • Controlling the aristocracy • Codified laws • Control warfare • Early bureaucracy • Religious control

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